Assesment Reporting Essay

Reporting and Resource reading Kate McGrath Student ID 11479964 Emt446 Assessment, Reporting and Resource Development 08 Fall 08 Fall Indicative Time Allocation The HSC course is one hundred twenty hours (indicative time). The following table shows the appropriate amount of time you should spend on each unit of work. HSC modules Approx. number of weeks Hours The Australian Food Industry 8 weeks 25 Food Manufacture 12 weeks 40 Food harvest-time Development 12 weeks 40Due week 10 charge 20% Food manufacture Developing the undevelopedStudents are to investigate an Australian Food product and analyse the chosen product from uprise to fork. This implicates the process of transforming the raw materials into a new product. The level of manufacturing and of the government activity will influence the amount of information gathered and the processes used. The assignment should include manufacturing diagram, HACCP, Q&A, QU, principles of preservation on with external impact. Due wee k 10 freight 25% Product Design The never ending designStudents are design, develop, create and produce a food item which caters for high work students. This item must be relevant to their recommended fooling intake and the requirement that it helights, the food item must also have good luck charm to this orient market. The food item must be designed for consumption for breakfast, recessional or lunch, and is to be consumed at school. The limitationas that this places must be explored and addressed along with a list of product criteria.The food item can be a breakfast food item, a snack consumed during recess or a lunch product. The product must be relevant to the recommended daily intake for teenagers ager 13-17, the food item must also have appeal to this target market. The product must be justified as to how it meets these requirements. A series of tests and surveys must be conducted in establishing the target market and the products superpower for success, this will be wr itten in experimental format as found on page 261 of foodtech in action text.

As Psychology Locus of Control Essay

Discuss the role of locale of ascendency on independent demeanour. (12 marks) locale of overcome refers to a persons perception of personal retain over their own behaviour. There atomic return 18 two types of venue of control congenital and impertinent. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals feel they atomic number 18 in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals feel their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are non responsible for their own actions.Those with internal locus of control are much in all probability to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to conform or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more(prenominal) likely to obey and conform. High internals do non rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High internal locus of control has been linked to leadership and individuals with spirited internal locus of control are more likely to shape entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups.This may be because individuals who ready responsibility for their own actions feel that they nates cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. There is lots of research evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that mint who had g mavin against the absolute legal age and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score high on measures of internal locus of control. This federal agency they believed they had influence over events in their life including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent.Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were disobedient in Milgrams tuition of obedience shows higher internal locus of control and soci etal responsibility. Avtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship amongst locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a belittled score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This arouses that at that place are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control.There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary entropy that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher bias as they may know only found studies that supported their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and notion cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no eth ical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity.On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Aschs study and assessed them using the Rotters locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive but did not score polarly on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or encouraged done modelling.Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four players, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the individuals ab ility to stand firm against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control.Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to fit the results they involve the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have modify their answers to appear more normal or to fit with what they assume the researcher wanted.Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not always consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviou r it is hard to conclude that it is their personality that totally affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour as well as they tend to conform in certain situations but not in others.

Kindred by Octavia E. Butler

Octavia Estelle Butler was an American science fiction writer, iodin of very few African-American women in the field. In 1979, she published Kindred, a novel which uses the science fiction technique of time travel to search slavery in the United States.THESIS STATEMENTButler takes on and redrafts the Slave narrative by portraying the true circumstances of slavery as a coarse dark period during which the blacks were denied individuality and even humanity.INTRODUCTION TO THE TEXTThe novel relates the story of Dana, an African American woman living in 1976 who is repeatedly thrown backbone in time to the ante-bellum south. She is summoned by her root, Rufus, from the time he is a pincer through to adulthood. Rufus is white and from a slave owning family. Dana is placed in the nasty position of making certain that Rufus and Alice have a baby bird, Hagar, who is Danas direct ancestor Each time she travels back in time, she stays longer, and comes back solitary(prenominal) when he r life is in danger. She stops getting sent back in time after she kills Rufus.Jobs assigned to the slaves in the house and in the fieldsEnslaved heap had to clear new land, dig ditches, cut and haul wood, slaughter livestock, and off repairs to buildings and tools. In many instances, they worked as mechanics, blacksmiths, drivers, carpenters, and in other skilled trades. blue women carried the additional burden of caring for their families by cooking and taking plow of the children, as well as spinning, weaving, and sewing.The family structure of the slaves and the social relationships among the slavesSlaves married, had children, and worked hard to harbor their families together. wispy men, women, and children developed an underground culture through which they affirmed their humanity. stand servants would come down from the big house and give news of the senior pilot and mistress, or keep people laughing with their imitations of the whites.the relationship between slaves and their mastersBecause they lived and worked in much(prenominal) close proximity, house servants and their owners tended to form more complex relationships. Black and white children were especially in a position to form bonds with separately other. Black children might also become attached to white caretakers, such as the mistress, and white children to their black nannies. Because they were so young, they would have no ground of the system they were born into, as Dana reveals, Without knowing it, they prepared me to survive (pg94 Kindred) African American women had to endure the threat and the practice of sexual exploitation.There were no safeguards to foster them from being sexually stalked, harassed, or raped, or to be used as long-term concubines by masters and overseers. Soon after her last child is born, Alice runs away again because she fears that she will turn into just what people chat her (pg 235 Kindred). She fears that she will lose her sense of self and accept he r position as sexual chattel.CONCLUSIONSince the beginning of anti-African American reaction through our live contemporary society, slavery carries on to be a contentious and inappropriate issue. Slavery affects each individual living within the United States borders and throughout our world.No subject in the American past has provoked great discussion and inflamed more controversy than slavery. From the arrival of the first Africans at Jamestown in 1619, through the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, to contemporary historical debates, the presence and enslavement of Africans has been defended, attacked and analyzed.WORKS CITEDOctavia E. Butler (1979) Kindred, Page 94 and 235. Retrieved on first November 2006

Harry Houdini’s Affect on the American Identity

Breaking bonds in mid-air, slipping chains with a smile rile Houdinis great talent was not in playacting illusions, moreover making any obstacle seem irrelevant (Rothstein). vivification in the early 1900s was depressing and filled with extremely strenuous work. plot of ground watching Houdini, fans throughout America and Europe were dazzled by his safety valve and were given a sense of hope as a resolving power of his exploits. Nothing on Earth could enforce Houdini a pris nonpareilr any illusion achieved the insufferable.To immigrants, he was an example of the freedom that came with the American trance. The magical achievements of gravel Houdini evoked a sense of limitless power and imagi province that helped to hit the ceiling a belief in a limitless America. There argon certain arguments, however, that must be considered when examining Houdinis contributions to the American identity. Like in all illusionists, Houdini made the impossible appear to be not only possi ble, but easy to accomplish. As a result, some children attempted to emu lately his involved escapes, ending up injured or worse.In addition, those who believed in a limitless sense of the possible, using Houdinis magic as a symbol for freedom from boundaries, were disappointed by the realization that the American ideate was not easily attained. Contrary to this speculation, Houdinis contributions to the American identity were ov whilell positive because he gave hope for a reinvigorated life. Even to this twenty-four hour period his name is known for magic and inspiration. Harry Houdini was born in the late 1800s with the birth name of Ehrich Weisz. The early twentieth century marked an era of both beginnings and endings.Americans of this time period had yet to make their mark in the world, and were very impressionable. Life for children of the early 1900s was work and school, so when they heard slightly the magic man, and saying Houdini, they gained a sense of imagination t hat had been deprived of them. Fans precept new possibilities once Harry Houdini came into the picture innovations in the arts and merriment gave a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole. Houdini demonstrated the power to overcome bondage, to dissolve material obstacles, to flurry expectations.The yearning that magic awakened in audiences was no less springy in himself. Even todays most amazing magicians, bid David Blaine, are still inspired by Harry Houdini. Blaine is the Harry Houdini of the menstruation generation and as Blaine watched a video of Houdini performing an illusion he said Its almost beautiful the beautiful struggle. (Barron). Today, Houdinis bequest lives on and hardly any magicians today do not owe Harry Houdini a debt. Houdini elevated the magic arts to a phenomenon and invented an entirely new category of magic the escape act. And as a result, Harry Houdinis name is synonymous with escapes.His ability to get out of seemingly impossi ble situations made him a subtitle in his own time. Impossible illusions ball over crowds, the most famous being eating needles, being buried alive, escaping from a torture cell, and dangling upside-down trapped in a consecutive jacket. All his escape illusions made people believe that nothing could hold them back they were free and realized it was possible to escape from any anaesthetise with which they were faced (Magical History). Nothing on Earth can hold Houdini a prisoner read a sign from 1906, and by 1917, America seemed prompt to believe it.Houdini was publicly proclaiming the possibility of liberation. Was this, as the exhibition points out, the immigrants fantasy as well? It must have been thrilling to watch an enactment of such(prenominal) transcendence, and not just of social obstacles, of course, but of spiritual ones, as well. The brusque and the downtrodden embodied his acts with a kind of reverence. Even death is overcome by Houdinis powers (Rothstein). Accordi ng to one of Houdinis reviewers, immigrants in the early 1900s came to America and precept Harry Houdini as an example of the American dream and consequently work their view of what it agency to be American to the magic of Houdini.The American dream includes a promise of the possibility of prosperity and success and it is implied that freedom is the bring up to that success. Harry Houdinis death-defying escapes during his life time fascinated audiences, particularly the many European immigrants. He inspired his audiences primarily because he was, at one time, a struggling immigrant himself. To them, he was the embodiment of the American dream. Immigrants watched Houdini and felt positive(p) in making individual choices without the prior restrictions that limit people match to their class, caste, religion, race, or ethnicity.By doing things that were seen by all as impossible, Houdini gave people a feeling of invincibility contributed to the American identity. Although Harry H oudinis achievements occurred in the past, his legend lives on more than 80 years after his death. Still considered the greatest and most well known magician of all time, Houdinis legacy for magic, performance and dramatics endures. After witnessing his amazing illusions, peoples imaginations soared and they saw limitless possibilities in the United States that molded the American identity.During Houdinis lifetime, he put a face to the idea of freedom and even today, if asked what it means to be an American, the word freedom will always be discussed. And since then, the feelings of freedom and possibility have been passed down through the generations and directly affect the nation and what it means to be an American. If men like Harry Houdini had not existed, then hope for a new life might have remained a dream for many. Houdini and his illusions became an icon for hope, and his legacy has remained an important thread in the tapis of the American identity.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 13

The Demon Gate.Elena glanced over her shoulder at the backseat of the Prius. fair was blinking sleepily. Meredith, whod gotten much less sleep further comprehend much to a greater extent alarming news, was looking handle a s cast blade keen, sharp as ice, and fixate. on that point was nonhing else to bring out take away Damon with his paper bags on the seat beside him, driving the Prius. Out the windows, where an arid azimuth dawn should be blinding its way across the horizon, was nothing but fog.It was frightening and disorienting. They had taken a sm solely road off alley 179 and, gradually, the fog had crept in, glowing tendrils of mist around the car, and finally engulfing it whole. It seemed to Elena that they were being on purpose cut off from the old ordinary world of McDonalds and Target, and were crossing a border into a place they werent meant to know ab prohibited, much less go.There was no traffic in the other direction. None at all. And as hard as Elena pe ered out of her window, it was bid extending to look through with(predicate) fast-moving clouds.Arent we going alike fast? Bonnie asked, rubbing her eyeball.No, Damon said. It would be a remark competent coincidence if anyone else were on the analogous(p) route at the same time we ar.It looks a lot like genus Arizona, she said, disappointed.It may be Arizona, for all I know, Damon replied. just now we havent crossed the Gate yet. And this isnt anywhere in Arizona you could just accidentally walk into. The path always has its microscopic tricks and traps. The task is that you never know what youll be facing.Now listen, he added, looking at Elena with an expression she had gotten to know. It meant Im not joking around Im talking to you as an agree Im serious.Youve gotten very good at dooming only a human-sized aura, Damon said. still that means that if you slew learn one more than thing in front we go in, you can actually use your aura, make it do you near good when you insufficiency it to, instead of just hiding it until it pops up out of soften and lifts three-thousand-pound cars.Like what kind of good?Like what Im going to show you. First of all just relax and let me control it. because, little by little, Ill slacken the controls and youll take them up. By the end, you should be able to send your business leaders to your eyes and see much stop to your ears and hear much intermit to your limbs and move much more quickly and precisely. All right?You couldnt have taught me this before we started on this little excursion?He smiled at her, a wild, reckless smile that made her smile, too, even if she didnt know what it was some. Until you showed how well you could control your aura throughout the path the way here I didnt say you were ready, he said bluntly. Now I do. There are things in your mind just waiting to be unlocked. Youll understand when we unlock them.And we unlock them with what? A kiss? Elena thought suspiciously.No. No . And thats the other background youve got to learn this. Your telepathy is getting out of hand. If you dont learn how to keep from intercommunicate your thoughts, youll never make it past the checkpoint at the Gate as a human.Checkpoint. That sounded ominous. Elena nodded and said, All right what do we do?What we did before. Like I said, relax. attempt to trust me.He put his right hand just to the go away of her breastbone, not touching the cloth of her deep gold top. Elena could feel herself flushing, and she wondered what Bonnie and Meredith must think of this if they were slanging.And then Elena felt something else.It wasnt cold it wasnt heat, but it was something like the furthest extremities of both of them. It was pure creator. It would have knocked her over if Damon hadnt been corroborateing her by the arm with his other hand. She thought, hes using his own Power to prime mine, to do something something that hurt No Elena tried, vocally and telepathically, to tell Dam on that the Power was too much, that it hurt. But Damon ignored her pleas even as he ignored the tears that spilled onto her cheeks. His Power was leading hers now, painfully, throughout her trunk. It was in her bloodstream, dragging her own Power laughingstock it like a comets tail. It was forcing her to take the Power to different parts of her body and let it build and build there, not letting her exhale it, not letting her move it on.Im going to burst All this time her eyes had been fixed on Damons, broadcasting her feelings to him from indignant anger to shock to anguish pain and nowtoHer mind exploded.The rest of her Power went on circling, without create any pain. Each new breath she drew added more Power to it, but it simply circulated through her bloodstream, not change magnitude her aura, but increasing the Power that was inside her. After two or three more quick breaths she realized that she was doing it effortlessly.Now Elenas Power wasnt simply sliding around smoo thly inside her, looking from the outside like any other humans. It was also filling several burst swollen nodes inside her and where it did that, it changed things.She realized that she was looking at Damon with round eyes. He might have told her intimately how this would feel, rather than letting her go into it blind.You really are a nub bastard, arent you? Elena thought, and, amazingly, she could feel Damon receive the thought, and could feel his automatic response, which was pleased agreement, rather than otherwise.Then Elena forgot about him in the dawning of a new understanding. She was realizing that she could keep go around her Power inside her, and even build it higher and higher, getting ready for a truly explosive burst, and show nothing of what it was doing on the surface.And as for the nodesElena looked around her at what a few minutes ago had been utter(a) wilderness. It was like taking bullets of light through both her eyes. She was dazzled she was enthralled. mod ify seemed to come to life in a painful glory. She felt that she could see much farther than she ever had, on and on into the desert, and at the same time, she could distinguish Damons pupils from his irises.Why, theyre both black, but different shades of black, she thought. Of course, they go unneurotic Damon would never have irises that didnt complement his pupils. But the irises are more velvety, where his pupils are more silky and shiny. And yet its a velvet that can hold light inside it near like the night sky with stars like those kitsune star balls that Meredith told me about.Right now those pupils were wide and set unyieldingly on her face, as if Damon didnt want to miss a moment of her reaction. Suddenly, the corner of his lip quirked in a faint smile.You did it. You learned to channel your Power to your eyes. He r in a bare whisper that she could never have spy before.And to my ears, she whispered back, listening to the amazing symphony of tiny sounds around her. n oble in the air, a bat squeaked on a frequency too high for any ordinary human ear to notice. As for the pin of grains of sand around her, they formed something like a tiny concerto as they struck rock and bounced with a tiny ping before falling to the ground below.This is amazing, she told Damon, hearing the smugness in her own telepathic voice. And I can talk to you this way any time now? She would have to watch out for that telepathy threatened to give notice (of) more than she might want to send to a recipient.Its best to be careful, Damon agreed, confirming her suspicions. Shed sent more than shed meant to.But Damon can Bonnie do this, too? Should I try to show her?Who knows? Damon replied aloud, making Elena wince. Teaching humans how to use Power isnt only my forte.And what about my different Wings Powers? Will I be able to control them, now?About those I have absolutely no idea. Ive never seen anything like them. Damon looked thoughtful for a moment and then move his head. I think youd need someone with more experience than I have to learn to control those. Before Elena could say anything else, he added, Wed better get back to the others. Were almost at the Gate.And I suppose I shouldnt be using telepathy then.Well, it is a rather obvious giveaway But youll teach me later, wont you? As much as you know about controlling Power?Maybe your boyfriend should be doing that, Damon said almost roughly.Hes afraid, Elena thought, trying to keep her thoughts hidden under a wall of color noise so that Damon wouldnt pick them up. Hes just as afraid that hell reveal too much to me as I am afraid of him.

Going to College Essay

Going to college really does open a new chapter in everyone life, the beginning of new friendships, opportunities and growth. As a college bookman, a new student pass on be introduced to new atomic number 18as of interest, broaden his vision of possibilities, establish and make goals, develop lifelong friendships and define him or her in counsels that he flowerpot imagine. Anyone on Earth already beared, or depart ask himself where he would be in 10, 20 or even 30 historic period down the road. It is hard enough imagining what his life is going to be like in a year or two. Questions like Where do you want to be today, tomorrow and in the future? might be hard ones for young teenagers, who just have from high school. Attending college will help anyone answer those questions, develop a realistic plan for accomplishing his goals, and apparel him with the knowledge and skills he will needs to see his goals through to the end. We usually assume that a college degree is necessa ry when it is non in reality.We can as well noticed that, because we place so much emphasis on degrees, plurality who have not attended college think of themselves badly, and this lack of self-confidence can really impede their success. There are some people for whom the college is actually not the best way to canvass. However, a college education is an chance for everyone to learn what he loves. A new student can actually see the sentence to enjoy learning what he is truly passionate about. If he is interested in a variety of things and he is not genuine where to focus, he can take his time to try them all. Nobody should scent at college as a long-term contract that he is not going to be capable to get out of once he starts. Anyone should feel like he needs to decide on a major area of study before starting college. College is a time for everyone to test himself, explore his interests, see what the possibilities are, and to see what he can achieve. close other students a ttending college are going to be in the bring same boat.There are also a variety of resources, provided by most universities, to help anyone through college, including academic advisors, professors accessible on campus, tutoring academic support, full-time counseling staff and more. While the prospect of attending college whitethorn seem a bit daunting and even suffocating, a graduated high school teenager should not forget that he will still get to live his life. He will be able to participate in a variety of extracurricular activities, social groups, bear a job, or even pursue a career dapple completing his studies. He may even find that college ends up macrocosm much more enjoyable and fulfilling than he ever expected.There are additional reasons as to wherefore it is important to go to college. When students experience a post-secondary education, they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. This excitant encourages stud ents to think, ask questions, and explore new ideas. So, why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect. A good education is secure from many different viewpoints.If any teenager is still asking himself why he should go to college, it is important to remember the significant amount of opportunity available for college graduates. The global economy is becoming increasingly more competitive, and in order to give him the best chance for a well- granting job, he moldiness first understand the importance of college education. Attending college provides students with the knowledge and experience they are unable to receive from a secondary education, and finding a way to fund a higher education now can pay off in a huge way in the years to come.

Organisational Development Assignment

I POL POYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA Harold Pupkewitz Graduate School of Business ASSIGNMENT veil SHEET - HP-GSB STAMP Assignments must be submitted in hard counterpart to- The Secretary HP-GSB Reception Tel 061 207-2850 Date Received . Time Received . - I decl ar that this fitting is our own work. I hike up decl be that where veridical has been employ from refreshed(prenominal) sources, whether by paraphrasing or by direct quotation, it has been international amperely acknowledged and referenced.I surr devastationer retained a copy of this assignment for my records. - educatees Signature (Signed below) . Date 28 September 2012 SURNAME & Mr. Anton Scheun FIRST NAME STUDENT NUMBER COURSE TITLE choke the hang in Leadership and Change direction MODULE TITLE OD compositional developing MODULE FACILITATOR Dr. S. Pillay ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE 10 October 2012 This is to certify that the assignment is the work of the student, Mr A. Scheun and where sources were consulted r eference was made to them under he reference table. ii Mr. ANTON SCHEUN 9328548 ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. larn Organisation A Learning Organisation is formations or enterprises that continuously take aims to submit and renew themselves. This indeed has many advantages for both the exclusive and establishment in that continuous transferring of knowledge and changing of behaviours takes smirch. The scoop re initiation to implement much(prenominal) intervention, to establish a nurture organisation, is to link it to the strategical, T practiseical, Operational and Individual Plans of module members in the organisation.This leave crack integration and eitherone contri bargonlying to the operation of the cultures and objectives of the enterprise. By so doing, members and the organisation become discipline organisations, because this create dialogue, debate, problem solving skills, conference, buy-in and a win-win combination to every parties. 2. surgical procedure precaution System The subr forbiddenine of motion trouble establishments for organisations is to measure the performance and carrying into action of both individuals and the organisation as a whole. The PSN has already implemented a premenstrual syndrome at Offices, Ministries, Agencies and Regional Councils.A Performance Management System bottomland only populate if all module members ar committed, trained and have the culture to effectively implement such a frame. The advantages atomic number 18 enormous of which individual as well as organisational determinations argon met at the end of the day. The effective instruction execution of a PMS for the OPM bequeath indeed transmit to effective and efficacious customer posits and satisfaction levels. 3. union timberland Management meat Quality Management is an area which has been neglected in the past by the Public process of Namibia (PSN).As an example, all secretaries, in stitutional workers, drivers and couriers individual performance political platforms are integrated and aligned to the Strategic Plan of the OPM for the gestate and attainment of corporate functions. 2. 2. 4 Team Learning Team learning involves relevant cerebration skills that alter free radicals of people to develop intelligence and an power that is greater than the sum of individual members talents. As an example, police squad meetings are passed during yearbook Management Strategic formulation and schooling sessions by all aggroup unit members.This indeed creates team learning, because all ideas, inputs and strategies being formulated are considered and the best are incorporated in several(prenominal) visualises. By so doing, all team members are buy-in and all sub-units move over to the achievement of the general goal and objectives of the OPM. 2. 2. 5 Systems Thinking Systems thinking involve a way of thinking about, and a language for describing and understandi ng guides and interrelationships that shape the behaviour of systems.It seconds managers and employees like to see how to change systems more effectively and to act more in tune with the larger processes of the natural and economic world. For example, all unit members of the OPM were mixed with the formulation and /or review of their transmission line re-engineering processes. These business processes, such as the enlisting process, were amended to consider and meliorate time, manpower needs, costs and blessing authorities in social club to improve, integrate and streamline such processes to the amelioration of the OPM.Through this process, policies, structure and budgets were identified for further amendment and alignment to the organisations systems and strategic innovations. System thinking also involves the identification of impound systems that should be upgraded, such as an appropriate Human Resources Information Management System in order to adapt personal particu lars, performance appraisals, rewards and salary increments to mention a few. 4 3. The under-mentioned interventions are recommended for the Permanent Secretary (PS) of the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) 3. That the OPMs Strategic Plan be amended to incorporate a goal Creating a Learning Organisation by 2015, and objectives with strategies or initiatives, as spelled out below, be included. 3. 2 That the quest strategies/interventions be considered (a) That all forethought cadre and managers/supervisors be included in the review of the Annual Management Plan of the OPM on a yearly basis. This pull up stakesing allow for buy-in, developing of intellectual stimulating, rail line and strategy formulation for the respective tactical, operational and individual plans of the units. b) That the same team retreat to review, amend and/or formulate all business re-engineering processes of the OPM. This bequeath allow for team building, building a sense of commitment system thinking and creating mental models base on reflecting of where the units are and where they want to be in terms of business processes. (c) That a Training needs estimation be conducted by the pedagogy components in order to identify competency, skills and behavioral deficiencies. This will enable the OPM to identify and ectify these deficiencies and also to build capacity in the OPM and Public emolument of Namibia. (PSN) (d) That staff members be identified and trained as mentors and coaches to affect mentorship programmes in the OPM and to become coaches in their respective units. This will enable transfer of knowledge, skills and change in behaviours of staff. Further that mentors and coaching will contribute to personal mastery of individual needs and objectives with OPMs objectives. e) That units should developed in- profit raising programmes in areas of identified deficiencies, such as policy formulation, disciplinary procedures, recruitment and placement, etc. This will contribu te to capacity building and attention to casual deficiencies in the work place. It will allow for cross cultural and unit team building and problem solving issues. (f) That the training budget be utilised to accommodate for short courses and leadership/ counsel increment for individuals, teams and the broader organisation.This will indeed contribute a link amid individual and organisational goal achievement, capacity building, inputs, innovation and team learning. (g) That as part of career development, managers be transferred, every five historic period to new posts. Further, that ponder rotation and byplay enlargement is implemented in job descriptions to stretch the work and employee capacities for development of prospective staff members to nobleer posts as part of the succession plan of the OPM. 5 (h) That a Bursary Scheme be created to allow staff members to remove in identified field where capacity is needed in the OPM.This will assist the OPM in skills shortages and to develop capacity of staff and the organisation. (i) That focus groups, tasks teams and committees be created as a stimulus for ideas, problem solving, creating of new innovations in the fields of disaster guidance, employment creation and measures to retention staff members at the OPM. (j) That a more generative learning go up be adopted by the OPM, whereby staff has the opportunity to take risks, make mistakes, reflect on their decisions they had taken and change their behaviours consortly. 3. 3. ConclusionThe OPM, as well as any organisation are facing constant challenges in the creation of themselves to become a learning organisation. The creation of a learning organisation is not a short term strategy and fucknot be done overnight, but should quite be spacious-termed focuse and be part of any strategic plan of a given enterprise. In its guest to become a learning organisation, the Public Service of Namibia and the OPM are facing the problem to be used as a springboard to obtain relevant hear and qualifications, where aft(prenominal)ward staff members resign to look for greener pastures.The organisational interventions that were recommended will definitely assist the OPM to become a more effective learning organisation in the skilful future. 1. 2 Performance Management 1. 2. 1 The following definitions are postulated (a) Performance precaution is the process of creating a work environment or mount in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee leaves your organization. (www. humanresources. about. com ,cited 6/10/2012) b) Performance means the act or process of performing or carrying out. (Oxford Dictionary, page 885) (c) An legal opinion of an employee, process, equipment or other factor to gauge progress toward pre doctord goals (www. businessdictionary. com,cited 6/10/2012) (d) The students own defi nition is Performance management is a management system, used by managers, to appraise employees with relation to goal achievement, corrective measures to be implemented and identifying future knowledge, skills and behaviours to improve performance of people. 6 1. 2. What are the challenges with regard to a Performance Management System (PMS)? The challenges are (a) outline managers are not always summationly committed to the effectuation processes of the PMS. (b) It requires supply commitment from top management, management cadres, line managers, supervisors, performance champions and staff members. (c) It requires a mind shift to a new performance culture. (d) It is an integrated approach that links to Directives, Rules, and Regulations.(e) It identifies and needs coaching, mentoring, training and in-service training programmes. f) It brooks for an integrated budget approach. (g) Performance champions and drivers should be identified and trained. (h) PMDS Moderating Committee s should be established to monitor, evaluate and provide corrective actions. (i) It is time consuming to conduct performance appraisals and keep records of performance and behaviours of employees. (j) It should be benchmark with other organisations to effect total whole step management and to keep abreast with latest developments and performance management computerized systems. 1. 2. What are the benefits of a Performance Management System? The benefits are (a) To generate information that supports other human resources activities, i. e. recruitment and selection, rewards and special treatment, disciplinary and grievances,HIV/AIDS and wellbeing, bursary, training and development to mention a few. (b) It serves as a twain way communication channel between line managers and staff members through which clarity is obtained regarding the achievement of goals and objectives and what individually party expects from the other. 7 c) It alleviates to clarify job descriptions, organisation al goals and objectives. (d) It is a persistent term (continuous) process in which performance improves over time. (e) It relies on consensus and cooperation between employer and employee, rather than control or coercion. (f) It requires a management style which is hold and honest and encourages both-way communication and constant feedback on level of staff members performances. (g) It assists managers and staff members to measure and assess performance against jointly agreed objectives, standards and lynchpin performance indicators. h) It contributes to organisational learning, organisational renewal and total quality management and to the achievement of great deal 2030 of Namibia. 1. 2. 4 The under-mentioned interventions are recommended for the Permanent Secretary (PS) of the OPM (a) The PSN should establish and operationalized a PMS, based on the Balance Score card approach of Drs Kaplan and Norton. To do this, a PMS insurance framework and guiding manual for staff members should be compiled and linked to the Public Service Act, Act No. 13 of 1995.(b) In order to roll-out the PMS, the following sub-interventions are needed 1) Strategic Plans need to be developed and explained to all staff members in order to get buy-in and change mind sets of public servants. (2) Strategic Plans should be cascaded to tactical, operational and group/individual performance plans and performance contracts to legalise and create accountability for the achievement or non- achievement of organisational goals, objectives and activities. (3) Strategic Plans should be supplemented by structural changes, job summary, manpower planning to effectively integrate PMS with other principal(prenominal) and sub-systems of the PSN. 4) The PMS should be market through a vision, mission, values, communication and training strategy. To this performance champions should be identified, trained and use to train the trainer in Offices, Ministries, Agencies and Regional Councils (OMARCs). Tra ining interventions should be develop to train ministers, permanent secretaries and management cadres to obtain buy-in and commitment. (5) Different committees should be established to oversee the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, corrective action, magic spell procedures and reward systems of the PSN.To this, a PMS Management Committee, a PMS working(a) Committee and a PMS Training and Champion Committee should be established to effect implementation with terms of references. 8 (6) In order for PMS to be effectively and in effect(p)ly implemented, it should be rolled-out as a project. To this J. P. Kotters Eight- Step model is recommended to implement the PMS as a change management initiative. (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Refer to auxiliary A- a presentation which was given by Group 2. (c) Performance Agreements or Packs should be compiled and sign-off between the supervisors and staff member. d) Job profiles or descriptions should be compiled and attached to performance a greements. These two elements display the incumbent position to what is required, whereby the performance agreement emphasized the goals and objectives that need to be achieved by the individual or group. (e) The Disciplinary Policy should be amended to leave for under performers and staff who fail to perform at all. (f) Rewards, both intrinsic and extrinsic should form part of the PMS Policy framework. (g) The appraisal procedure, assessment marks and template to enter performance selective information should form part of the PMS Operational Manual. h) Recognition to staff should be given, annually, on the 23 June of each year, to coincide with the celebration of Africa Public Service Day. (i) A budget vote should be given to OMARCs to cater for financial expenses. (j) The appraisal of staff should be conducted on a quarterly basis. (k) OMARCs should submit a performance report to the OPM on an annual basis as part of their Annual Report on their respective performances. 1. 2. 5. Conclusion It is the opinion of the student that the OPM and any organisation should have a PMS system to track performances of people against those objectives in their performance contracts.The PMS system will not only contribute to performance per se, but will encourage open communication, feedback, problem solving issues which inter alia contribute to organisational learning and a system of total quality management. The effective implementation of a PMS for the OPM will indeed contribute to effective and efficient customer needs and satisfaction levels. 9 3. Total Quality Management 3. 1 Introduction Total Quality Management (TQM) has started in the regular army in the mid-1970s. Philip Crosby, one of the run agrounders of TQM claimed that over 90% of TQM initiatives failed.Studies in European countries found a failure rate of 70% or more. The reason for this is that managers experience problems how to manage the change process in implementing a total TQM system. (Burnes, 2009 ). TQM exceeds the overlap quality approach, involves all employees in the organisation and encompasses all functions, i. e. administration, communications, distribution, manufacturing, marketing, planning, training, etc. (www. businessdictionary. com ,cited 2012) 3. 2 The following definitions are postulated a) TQM brook be defined as an executive commitment to a management culture which fosters the improvement of quality of all activities and crossroads via the prioritisation of quality plus companywide organisational development and training. (Hill, 2011). (b) Total Quality Management or TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously alter the quality of products and processes. (www. wikipedia. com ,cited 2012) (c) TQM is an improvement program which provides tools and proficiencys for continuous improvement based on facts and analysis and if properly implemented, it avoids counterproductive organisational infighting. www. acounting4management. com/total _qua lity management. htm, 2012). 3. 3 The meaning of Total QualityManagement TQM has contrastive meanings that include the following features (a) The commitment and direct social occasion of the highest-level executives in place quality goals and policies, allocation of resources, and monitoring of results. (b) Realisation that transforming and organisation means implicit in(p) changes in basic beliefs and practises and that this transformation is everyones job. (c) Building quality into products and practices skillful from the beginning. d) Understanding of the changing needs of the internal and external customers, stakeholders, and satisfying them in a cost effective manner. 10 (e) Instituting leadership in place of mere supervision so that every individual performs in the best possible manner to improve quality and productivity, thereby reducing total cost. (f) Eliminating barriers between people and departments so that they work as teams to achieve harsh objectives. (g) Instit uting flexible programs for training and education, and providing meaningful 3. 4 The advantages and disadvantages of Total Quality Management .4. 1 The advantages are (a) Lower costs. TQM press down costs throughout the business infrastructure and organisation. Because it is an all-encompassing quality management programme, TQM helps diverse departments to communicate their needs, problems and desires with each other, so that workable solutions can be found that will help the organisation cut costs throughout the supply chain, distribution chain, transport and receiving, accounting and management departments without losing productivity or the ability to operate rapidly in the face of change. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) (b) Improved Reputation. TQM has the advantage of improving corporate as well as product reputations in the marketplace, because errors and incorrect products are discovered much more rapidly than other a non-TQM system, and often before they are ever sent to market or found in the hands of public. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) (c) high employee morale. Workers are motivated by extra responsibility, team work and involvement in decisions of TQM. (www. ehow. om ,cited 7/10/2012) (d) Quality control inspectors. Inspectors will check over that the products and services meet the requirements and standards of the client and organisation, which indeed contribute to better service oral communication. 3. 4. 2 The disadvantages are (a) Resistance to change. Workers may feel that their jobs or occupations within the company are at risks under a house-to-house TQM program, and as a result, they may be slow or yucky to making the necessary changes for the TQM to work properly.In addition, skilled workers may be disconnected as they decide to leave because of their unease at the direction that things are headed within the company, or they may not implement things properly, costing amplification cost. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) 11 (b) High cost of time. The high cost of implementing a TQM program, and the fact that it may take several years for the program to be fully implemented before results and benefits are seen, can be a huge disadvantage to a TQM program, particularly in todays uncertain economic conditions.TQM should be considered a semipermanent investment. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) (c) Resistant to change. Workers may be patient of to change and may feel less secure in their jobs. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) 3. 5 The under-mentioned interventions are recommended for the Permanent Secretary (PS) of the OPM The Total Quality Management System is highly recommended for the Public Service due to the following reasons (a) The PSN needs an instrument which can measure products (i. e. annual reports, speeches, etc. and services(i. e. Health, indistinguishability cards, Namibian passports, birth and death certificates, vehicle fleet services, maintenance and burn consumption, the return o n investment of training ) to improve service sales pitch clients, customers and the public at large. (b) Total Quality Management will ensure the minimisation of wastage. (c) TQM will contribute to effective and efficient service delivery to internal and external clients, and especially to the Presidents Office, Prime Minister, and cabinet. d) TQM will ensure that the viands donated to crisis areas, such as Katima Mulilo and Oshikoto Region, during the extreme rainy seasons as well as drought relief programmes, be monitored and/or not get rotten. (e)TQM will contribute to team building and cross functional interaction, problem solving and sound debate between Offices, Ministries, Agencies and Regional Councils (OMASRCs). (f) It will ensure that product and services could be branded which in turn will have a positive impact on the OMASRCs and government as a whole. g) It will create stimulus to team work, higher sensitivity levels, greater responsibilities and even empowerment of staff members in the execution of this proper(postnominal) function. It may also make staff members proud to see the end results of product and services in which they were directly involved in. (h) It will force the OPM to set standards and requirements for products and services which will eventually lead to the creation of Namibias own government brand, such as the SABS standards. (i) It will create further employment of specialist as inspectors that will not only be utilised for inspection of such products and services, but can also 2 be incorporated in a Department of Inspectorate for the Public Service of Namibia. Such a Department doesnt exist and need unspoiled consideration. (j) As with resistance to change, its recommended that Kotters eight step plan be followed, as indicated in Appendix A. (k) That a vote is created and the Ministry of finance be assigned to allocated capital for the implementation of TQM in the PSN. (l) That the OPM, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Tr ansport and communications be used as pilot ministries in the first two years during roll-out of the project. 3. 6.Conclusion The PSN and the government need a quality software system to evaluate its products and services. There is a public outcry that the PSN and Government should improve customer satisfaction by bringing their services to the public and that they should change. Its the opinion of the student that TQM, as a management tool will provide for such a measurement in order to provide effective and efficient service delivery to clients, customers and stakeholders. TQM will significantly help to improve the standard and measurement of performance management in the PSN. . sixer Sigma 4. 1 Introduction The originator of the sextuplet Sigma concept was Bill metalworker in 1986. Quality improvement controls, such as TQM, were used to start this concept. half dozen Sigma is the process of eliminating and perfect data entry. This concept is based on project methodologies use d to strengthen performance levels, according to www. insigma. com. In 2006, Motorola issued a press release stating that they had $17 billion saved from sextet Sigma. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012)4. 2 Definition a) The project definition of TQM is defined as Six Sigma projects have clearly defined deliverables, are management approved, are not so big that theyre unmanageable and not so little that theyre unimportant or uninte proportionalitying, and relate directly to the organisation,s mission, according to www. isixsigma. com. (www. ehow. com ,cited 7/10/2012) 13 4. 3 Advantages and disadvantages of six sigma 4. 3. 1 The advantages are (a) The advantage is that Six Sigma is a quality standard that establishes a goal of no more than3. 4 defects per million units or procedures . b) Six Sigma aims to maximize customer satisfaction and minimize defects. (c) Six Sigma is a tool that if used correctly, can identify key areas of business processes that need attention to lower effec t rates. One of the greatest advantages is that all the measured improvements achieved through this technique can be directly converted into financial results. (d) Research proves that firms that successfully implement Six Sigma perform better in virtually every business category, including return on sales, return on investment, employment ontogeny and stock value growth. offset (www. ehow. com , cited 7/10/2012). 4. 3. 1 The disadvantages are (a) The eventual costs to implement Six Sigma are very high. To this, Becthel spate in the USA has spent USD 30 million to implement Six Sigma. (b) According to a quality expert, Joseph M. Duran, Six Sigma is described as a basic version of quality improvement stating that there is nothing new therethey have adopted more flamboyant terms, like belts with different colors Source (Integrating Organisational Development and Six Sigma. Jeffrey, B. ) 4. Recommendations to the Permanent Secretary (a) Six Sigma should not be implemented in the Publ ic Service of Namibia in the short to medium term, but it should be considered whether the Namibia Defence Force can do research and conduct a feasibility study to realize the viability of Six Sigma for the PSN. Research indicated that the United States of America has introduced it in their Navy with success. Source www. accounting4management. com, 2012). (b) The TQM intervention should be given first priority in OMASRCs, before Six Sigma is considered in the PSN. c) It is further recommended that financial and manpower be allocated to conduct such a feasibility study and that the Ministry of Finance release funds and a vote to source this research. 14 (d) The above should be carried out according to project management principles and procedures. (e) The feasibility study should be submitted, after presentation to the Permanent Secretaries meeting on 30 June 2013. During this meeting it can further be recommended whether Six Sigma should be introduced and be roll-out to the PSN. 4. 5 ConclusionsAlthough Six Sigma is widely used, especially in the USA and Europe, no evidence could be found that Namibia is using it currently. This may be, because it is not cost effective and/or there is not yet a market for it. It is strongly recommended that the NDF, especially the Navy should conduct a research and feasibility study to determine whether it is viable for Namibia and if the Defence Force may benefit in the long run. This report will indicate whether Six Sigma can be roll-out to the rest of the Public Service of Namibia.REFERENCES Burnes, B. Managing Change. Fifth Edition. 2009. Pearson Education Limited. England. Nel, P. S. , Gerber, P. D. , Van Dyk, P. S. , Haasbroek, G. D. , Schultz, H. B. , Sono, T. , Werner, A. Human Resources Management. fifth Edition. 2011. Oxford University Press. Southern Africa. Hill, M. Study material on Managing People and Organisations. July 2011. Windhoek. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. A. , Organisational Behavior. spherical E dition. 2011. Prentice Hall. New Jersey. www. acounting4management. com/total quality management. htm, Definition and Explanation of the conception of Total Quality Management System. Cited 7/10/2012. www. businessdictionary. om. Definition of Total Quality Management System. Cited 7/ 10/2012. www. businessdictionary. com . Cited 6/10/2012 www. ehow. com. Advantages and disadvantages of TQM. Cited 7/10/2012. www. humanresources. about. com. Cited 6/10/201 www. hrfolks. com. The Learning Organisation. Review- Rohan Nagwekar. Cited 1/10/2012. www. see. ed. ac. uk. Learning organisations. Cited 1/10/2012. www. wikipedia. com. Cited 6/10/2012. 15 APPENDIX Appendix A- Leading change Why transformational efforts fail. Presented by Group 2 of get the hang in Leadership and Change Management, dated September 2012