The Pros And Cons Of Video Games Media Essay

The Pros And Cons Of television set Games Media Es arrangeThe terra firma of electronic childs mash has undergone radical transformation since it was conceived more than two decades ago. At the beginning, jeopardizes analogous Super Mario Brothers, and Pong were just childish, tasteable, and essentially harmless. However, today, flick gaming has amaze a thriving industry that has a wide range of customers, spanning conf oblige ages, genders, nationalities, and moral beliefs.Just like books, television, and movies, some moving picture crippleds atomic number 18 aiming at the older audience through the use of fierceness, sex, and adult content. Despite the reality of a rating system and recognition for spate wishing to obtain adult television set plunk fors, some politicians and pargonnts lease that characterisation blues adjudge a hugely negatively charged impact on the young generation. In efforts to take root the blame ab come on the content of picture ga mes, politicians and developers alike shapem to pretend forgotten that pargonnts have a responsibility to declare decisions on the typecast of material that is suitable for their children.Farrales observes that Video game content appears to have run an issue for the first cartridge holder when Mortal Kombat was released in 1993 (12). Mevery parents complained the spicy degree of craze evident in the graphic depictions of blood, fighting, and death. The ESRB (Electronic Software Ratings Board) was organize by the Entertainment Software Association with the aim of coming up with a rating system for monitoring the content of word picture games.Fernandez indicates that photograph games stand accused of strikeing about violence, obesity, and lousy grades (3). However, some people beg to differ, pointing out that the games are ideal for childrens mental well be. Video games are not just hard, they are adjustively hard. The games tend to challenge the pretenders at the edge of their mental abilities. As players be bring forth better and score high points, they are challenged to move up the ladder of more demanding play directs. This adaptive challenge can be stunningly powerful in the outcome of entertaining characterisation games.Scientists point out to the importance of motion-picture show games in ascertaining the extent to which the adult male top dog is malleable. In this regard, fast-paced painting games that are action-packed have been proven, in different studies, to boost spatial perception, visual edge and the ability to pick out objects easily in a scene. composite games that are strategy-based can significantly improve more cognitive skills, including cogitate and memory. These findings fit in well with the scientists increasing understanding of the malleability of the charitable brain. Researchers are now aware of the way in which practicing and learning an exceedingly challenging task can change the human brain.The question of generalizing gaming situations to non-game situations remains one of the main issues that surround legion(predicate) emerging game software being marketed as a way of keeping the human neurons spry as we continue to age. It is palliate unclear whether these games are assistive in situations that are outside the context of the game.However, in a vivid meditate carried out in 2008, senior citizens who began compete Rise of Nations, a game devoted to nation building and acquisition of territory, started improving on many cognitive abilities, thitherby performing impressively on versatile subsequent tests of memory, multitasking, and caseing. The tests were administered after training was carried out for eight months. Unfortunately, no carry through testing was carried out to determine whether the gains lasted or not.There are attempts by detectives to concentrate on the close crucial aspects of off-the-shelf games, authorisationly allowing designers to come up with many new games that can boost the human brain power. In the same light, there has as well been some focus on determining how video games can be used to promote favorablely pleasant behaviors, particularly actions that can be of help to other people.Unlike, say books and movies, video games do not just have content, they are also defined by rules that are clearly stipulated. In every video game, certain actions are rewarded while others are punished. For this reason, they get hold of an immense potential to train children about values and ethics. However, the same games could also be used to reward antisocial behavior just as easily as the pro social behavior. A significant number of off-the-shelf games contain strong pro-social themes, for instance, the Oregon Trail or The Sims. These two video games make the players fully responsible for the well being of each other. A expectant challenge for developers of new games will be to figure out ship canal of wrapping virtuous features in to a highly engaging package. Ultimately, quips Gallagher, every video game should be an entertaining experience (2).On the other hand, it is true(a) that some of the almost popular video games are the tough ones. The reason why the market is flooded with ferocious games is that violence sells. People enjoy action-packed fantastic games most. It is rarely a matter of contention whether a game is violent or not. The contention arises regarding how violent the games actually are.In an wonder with Dr. Craig Anderson, a leader in the current research on the versatile effectuate of prolonged exposure to violent computer and video games on combative behavior, the General Aggression Model was discussed at length. Dr. Anderson pointed out that he was motivated to research about aggression in video games by the work he did on the model as well as on media violence literature.Dr. Anderson pointed out that although there were hundreds of studies on aggression and violent video games, many questions remained unanswered. Students were looking for compelling and publishable research topics, and in this way, they were able to come up with many gaps in the literature. In the beginning, Dr. Anderson looked at priming issues in the context of media violence effects. However, after debating with cognitive psychologists, the researcher thought about modifying the Stroop test, although he chose to adopt reading reaction time tasks among participants.Dr. Anderson pointed out that many researchers in the media violence generally think that everyone who is high on trait aggression is influenced more by exposure to media violence than by anything else. In other words, the conviction among many scholars is that highly aggressive people are the ones who are most susceptible to the video games evil effects.In the early historic period of video gaming, violence used to be cartoonish. In games such as Space Invaders and Wonder Boy, when a player killed an enemy, this would be sh own by the unfortunate subject mellowing in a small explosion or a cloud of smoke and debris. At the time and with the technology that was current, these games were considered violent. Today, with improvements in technology, people no longer disappear in a cloud of smoke and debris. Today, enemies have to bleed in the lead they die. The grotesque image of the corpse also has to appear, complete with a gunshot wound.A game such as Metal Gear unscathed 2 portrays enemies performing elaborate maneuvers when a player gulls them. It is always exhaustively entertaining to shoot them at the limbs and to see them go limp, or to shoot at their radio, rendering it useless.Some people say that what has increased is the level of realism and not violence, since the aim has always been to shoot and kill anything that comes in ones way. However, this very aspect of realism makes some forms of violence appear acceptable, for example, in Wonder Boy, and others unacceptable, for example, in Meta l Gear Solid 2. Yet others do not notice any difference in various types of violence, insistence that violence of whatever nature brings about the same effect on society.Farrales highlights the views of General Everett Koop, a U.S. surgeon, who once claimed that home and arcade video games are among the top three reasons where there is family violence (4). There are many instances that would perfectly make Koops statement on the negative impact violent video games on behavior agreeable. However, there are also many instances that portray violence as having little or no any negative effects on the individuals playing them. Some kids play video games and end up becoming violent people. Others play them but do not become increasingly aggressive. These varying outcomes make it difficult for the effects of video violence on all players to be determined accurately.Meanwhile, the most undesirable aspects of violence in video games include lack of penalization for cleaning, constant kill ing and hurting of other people, and perpetual justification for killing other people. This situation makes players to start accepting killing as an acceptable means of solving problems. They are also made to believe that there is nothing wrong with violence. In other words, violence is desensitized, and players start comprehend human beings as mere objects rather than human beings, thus drastically lowering their empathy levels.Of course older players can differentiate between envisage and reality, but children cannot. Surprisingly, argues Anthes, these older people are affected by video games as well, though not in the same way as kids. Among kids, the violence contained in video games leads to increase in aggression. A public effect of video games is to make players developed abnormally high adrenaline rates, which may end point to hyper-aggressiveness together with the symptoms of Attention Deficit Dis assure. Increase in adrenaline rates leads to stimulant addiction, a co mmon response among children who are often immersed in violent video games. People who suffer from stimulus addiction remove stimulation that is increasingly strong in order to attain the same emotional experience. Sometimes, this search for stimulation leads them so go looking for more violent video games.Meanwhile, the question of whether video games result in violence in the real world remains unanswered. numerous parents are worried that violent games will not only bring about restlessness in their children, they will make them more violent their behavior as well. Farrales points out to the research that was done in 1998 on a group of children aged between 5 and 7 years (9). In this study, the children were observed to imitate during free play whatever they had experient in video games. Children who had played games with violent themes were aggressive, while those who played active, passive games reflected their experiences in their play. The level of stimulation in both cas es appeared to be more profound in girls than in boys. This could be because, generally, males are exposed to violence more, making a significant increase in aggression to be more profound in females.Unlike TV or movies, which deport a predominantly passive viewing experience, violent video games require an individual to shoot, stab, rob, and kill enemies actively. With a movie, even if one was to watch it some(prenominal) times, some additional details may be obtained but it is basically about the same thing. With a video game, many things can be changed according to ones way of thinking, level of play, and dexterity in pressing the simplicity buttons.Fernandez points out that Cho Seung-Hui, a bookman who killed 32 people at the Virginia technical school Campus back in 2007, is reported to have been played video games neuroticly, and many commentators have been instinctively linking game violence with the killings in the campus. Claims of Cho Seung-Huis stint with obsessive vi deo games were debunked by the campus panel that investigated the killings.The obvious problem with the desensitization claim made on video games after the Virginia Tec incident is that millions of adults and kids play violent video games every day and they never engage in any violent behavior. In fact, during the past decade when video games have surged in popularity, violence by youth has declined. According to a study that the Center for Disease Control and Prevention released, the number of school killings cut back considerably between 1992 and 2006. However, this is not where the debate ends. Although video games may not directly result in school shootings, it is undoubtedly strongly connect with aggressive feelings.Those who are opposed to computer and video games would want to see them censored. These people cite many reasons for their stance. They insist that over-dependence on video games fosters social isolation, since in some cases the games are played alone. They also point out that women are portrayed as the weaker sex, sexually provocative and always helpless. Moreover, game environments are always based on gender bias, aggression and plots of violence.Additionally, video games have inspired criticism because of the way in which they fail to earmark actions that require creativity and independent thought. Instead, they confuse fantasy with reality. In most of these games, there is no alternative route to winning other than being a violent player. Furthermore, not surprisingly, schoolman achievement tends to be negatively related to the overall time that is spent playing computer and video games.Anand indicates that there is a correlation between use of video games and academic performance, if the grade-point average (grade point average) and scholastic aptitude tests (SAT) on students who use video game are anything to go by (555). According to Anands study, there is a negative correlation between the time spent by student playing video games and the students SAT and GPA scores. The research findings presented by Anand suggest that video and computer games could be having a detrimental effect on the GPA of the individual, and possibly, on SAT scores as well. Although the results portray statistical dependence, it still remains rather difficult to prove a cause-and-effect relationship. This difficulty arises from the interlocking nature of academic performance as well as student life.In a revolutionary York Times article published on the November 15, 2010 edition, the question of whether stores should sell violent video games to minors was raised. Indeed, the question was not of the article writers own making, it was being debated by the Supreme Court in an attempt to determine what the writers of the Bill of Rights would have thought about a violent video game like Postal 2.In the New York Times Article, Adam Liptak wrote that the justices struggled to define the manner in which the First Amendment ought to apply to v ideo games. A suggestion was made on the imposition of a $1,000 fine on all stores that continue to sell violent video comes to minors. The violence in the computer games, according to the Supreme Court, is characterized by acts of killing, dismembering, maiming, and sexually assaulting a human beings image, in a manner that is patently offensive, lacks heavy artistic, scientific, political or literary value, and appeals to the deviant and morbid interests of minors.In summary, the cons of video games by far outweigh the pros. There is a need for these games to be regulated, particularly with regard to access by minors. The regulation standards imposed by the ESRB should be revised to reflect the need to protect children and students from being lured into the world of aggressive video games.

Bribery is a wide spread economic crime

yieldry is a wide expand frugal crimeBribery, a form of influencing people by owing gifts or money in order to do a job which is beyond their job description can be in like manner stated as extortion. Enormous growth in Inter tribeal furrow has made m each an(prenominal) countries developed and excavated poverty, solely has also seeded transplant in severally and every sector (S eachal and Guvenli 2009). Bribery or subversive activity starts because of poorly compensable jobs, Workers or staffs of a firm progress to an illicit relation with the back holders of the company in order to give way in money. In International sell transplant plays a study(ip) role, in taking up major contracts and in setting up off shore pedigree. Bribery inside its limits can be al scurvyed to get hold of international marketplace segments that in turn leads to a greater benefit for both(prenominal) the company and its berth holders. Bribery beyond its horizons has a greater inclinatio n to the downfall of a countrys economical, political and employability stature. To fasten up the pace of development and growth of a country, in these days is easily possible through bribing (Blackburn and Sarmah 2006). But this necessity evil should always be kept in check. Many countries have failed to keep them in check. Today it is necessary for every growing nation to l puddle from these nations who have lost their track. Some of the countries have taken hustling steps to put down this bribing activity within their boundaries.The Bribery is a wide spread economic crime in the developing world. Companies that are mainly come to with the cost benefit analysis make more presents. A research do by World Bank recognizes that grafting or depravity occurs because of weak accountability of the public institutions, poor obliging society, lower teaching methodal qualifications, and worse economic policies (Ksenia 2008).Bureaucratic corruption comes with the corruption in i nternational financial market. Companies that operation overseas have to make tackling gifts and attractive price in order to keep up the peers in merged world, by this they are lead into a goodwill ramble in their business. In this bureaucratic corruption the grants are given to the officials of any organization to do a job beyond their usual r let onine. A survey done in the year 2000 has proved that one out of ten senior managers is ready to break laws. And a nonher survey in the year 1997 showed that 3600 firms in 69 countries are responsible for the corruption spread in that area and for its negative effects happened. (David Ng 2006)In grafting the cogitation from Transparency International (TI) have shown that the transplant in Business segment is about 53 percent in the year 2009, and the major countries affected are Canada, Denmark, Hong Kong, Iceland, Luxembourg, Singapore etc. According to Bribe Payers forefinger the countries are shown in given table.(Riano and Hod ess et. al 2009)RankCountry/ dirtBPI2008 ScoreRespondentsStandard DeviationConfidenceInterval 95%Lower BoundUpper Bound1Belgium8.82522.008.59.01Canada8.82641.808.59.03Netherlands8.72551.988.48.93Switzerland8.72561.988.48.95Germany8.65132.148.48.85joined Kingdom8.65062.108.48.75 lacquer8.63162.118.38.88Australia8.52402.238.28.79France8.14622.487.98.39Singapore8.12432.607.88.49United States8.17182.437.98.312Spain7.93552.497.68.113Hong Kong7.62882.677.37.914South Africa7.51772.787.18.014South Korea7.52312.797.17.814mainland china7.52872.767.17.817Italy7.44212.897.17.717Brazil7.42252.787.07.719India6.82573.316.47.320Mexico6.61232.976.17.221China6.56343.356.26.822Russia5.91143.665.26.6Fig 1 Bribe Payer Index 2008 bug http//transparency.org/news_room/latest_news/press_releases/2008/bpi_2008_enThe BPI of the year 2008 shows that Belgium and Canada takes up the top position in the disceptation with BPI score of 8.8. World Bank states that corruption is the single greatest obstacle to econ omic and social development (Blackburn and Sarmah 2006).The International anti bribery conventions is not stopping the Multinational corporations in bribing the government officials in the developing countries. Especially the areas like defence and arms, hospital segments etc. It can also be said as the bureaucratic corruption may not be bad for the business people, this way of bribing helps the individuals having an incentive to compete with the prefer of becoming bureaucrats. decomposition or bribery will make corporate governance deploy, it is said that as corruption gets increased the regulatory lapse gets weak and there will be the worst corporate governance. Corruption in business deals enhances the development of free and fair trade and economic development. Now a days the Cross border transaction increases in number which connects societies with different customs and practices. The Multinational firms which launch in to a new market wins the contracts by bribing at high p rices by this the business of the multinational firm gets heated up and moves in a lucrative scale. Whereas the domestic market firms which were not able to afford to the high bribe ends in negative scale of business. The multinational firms are highly concerned about the public works construction and defence sectors. They also steep in business like oil, gas, real estate, power generations and telecommunication sectors.The appurtenant companies of the international firms are most likely to be involved in bribery. Government policies are also negatively affected like low quality of goods, slow work of environmental policies. Funds used for education and health are also bribed.There are twain types of bribes whitemail bribes and lubrication, bribing an official of an organization to perform an illegal or uneconomic act is referred to whitemail bribery. Bribe which is given to a government official in order to stimulate any government approval or legal transaction is called as lu brication.In international trade the level of bribery can taken in two different forms such as Demand side, tote up bribery. The demand side bribery is called as the recipient of bribe and the release side refers to even outer of the bribe. Liberalization also has a greater invasion over the bureaucratic corruption, since the bureaucrats appreciate vary this raises the demand of bribe, this situation is called as benefit effect and it is counteracted by an increase in cost effect. This two effects leads to a non-monotonic relation between ease and corruption (Bose and pandey 2009). effects of bribery are widespread on business and economy, it is stated that companies pay bribes since it is cheaper than spending money in research works. Many bribes are done by many companies for taking over the market segments. The attempt to earn income through an illegal mean result in advantage of both parties, the giver gains a profit by getting the order and the bribe receiver earns money or gift, but this process is only for a short period. Inflation will be the result of bribery in the international trade, the Import goods of the country increases and results in trade deficit. This pressure makes the value of the currency to come down, which makes the country more in debt and higher(prenominal) in inflation. As a result of higher inflation the government officials asks for higher bribe and thus the inflation and bribery cycle continues.As a result of high debt the country borrows money from IMF and the World Bank. Even though the World Bank knows that the government has nothing to do with money for the natural economic develops, if the money is lent for the development of internal economic condition its stolen or wasted for bribing for government officials.Bribery also hurts International vocation countries it also serves as a trade barrier and acts as an drumhead tariff on export.Bribery also prevents open market system of rules and restricts the benefits of trade agreements, with this there will be a negotiation for liberalization among the public officials with the fear of losing the control. The Economic effect of bribery or corruption reduces the economic growth of the country and this leads in decrease of foreign mail investing. World Bank estimates that the widespread corruption can reduce the countrys economic growth as well as reduce the inward investment because the investors have the fear of losing the investment in the corrupt countries. A juvenile survey shows that there is 60 percent chance of losing investment in Egypt and Syria, and an 80 percent in Algeria, Jordan, Morocco and Turkey (Shahabuddin 2002).The United Nations World report states that about 15 percentages of all firms in the industrialized nations bribe in order to retain their contracts, 60 percent were found in Soviet Union countries and 40 percent in Asia (Shahabuddin 2002).Many countries have started enforcing a ban on this evil bribery, which has resul ted in continuous progress in past six years. These countries now represent more than worlds export actions. step up of thirty six countries seven countries are active in evading bribery, and 9 countries partially active. The rest twenty countries are dominant or with brusque effect. The countries and level of activity can be given as gradePercentage of world tradeCountriesActive En pushment ( 7 )30%Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United StatesModerate Enforcement ( 9 )21%Argentina, Belgium, Finland, France, Japan, Korea (South), Netherlands, Spain, SwedenLittle or No Enforcement ( 20)15%Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, TurkeyFig 2There are few societies which are strong in evading the bribery such as the transparency International organizations.It is highly distinctive that bribery takes the l ead role in all business investments thats being carried on in todays business world. With the census it is clearly evident that 53 percent of the business investment involves bribery. Bribery as divided by itself is seen as whitemail and lubrication. Bribery as Lubrication is acceptable to a certain limit but whitemail is never bearable. As the former just increases the pace of a work being done which mostly in turn could have a positive effect on a countries growth but the last mentioned has always a negative effect on the countries growth and in turn spoils the ethic in the business world. Bribery as a whole has a positive inclination for an organisation to enhance its market and trade profit. This in turn leads to greater profit for the organisation and in turn to its stake holders to easily get into the global market and strike maximum profit. Even if this activity is profitable, its quiet obvious for any spectating investor to get note of the prevailing situation and recede from investing. When somewhere someone does something unseasonable somewhere someone is affected. This is the perfect effect of bribery at any level. An individuals bribery has a significant effect on the inflation of the nation. This force everyone within responsible positions to fall into the bribing pit which obliviously shows that bribery leads to a broadcast without ends

Introduction Of Silk Industry

Introduction Of Silk IndustrySilk is the queen of all frameworks which is historically one of the most grievous industries in India. India is the game largest producer of silk, change to about 18 percent to the world exertion.Silk takings in IndiaIn nature, Asia is the study manufacturer of silk in the world and produces in excess of 95% of the entirety global output. Some of the countries which give important for producing silk atomic number 18 China, India, Japan, brazil nut and Korea. India is the leading manufacturer of silk and to a fault have largest consumer of silk in the world. India has a well-built custom and culture bound home securities diligence of silk. In India, mulberry tree silk is produced primarily in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jammu Kashmir and west Bengal. The non-mulberry silks argon produced in the state homogeneous Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and north-eastern states.Silk produce in KanchipuramThe kanchipuram sargo ne holds a special position among the replete(p) range of silk s arees avail open in India. Kanchipuram sarees are available all approximately the world. The production of these silk sarees is centred in kanchipuram. The town kanchipuram is fine cognize as silk urban center because roundabout of its population is reliant upon the silk manufacturing. In the order of 60,000 silk looms work, filled indoors town. This town has an annual turn e very(prenominal)place of more than Rs.200 crores by means of the trades comprising virtually Rs. 3 crores. The export figures are in release collectable to the inadequacy of weave on the w pickle sarees, which has its possess film, yet is moderately lesser over other outfits.Basic Functioning of the Silk Industry in specific to productionThe first silk string cloth was made in Ancient china. Silk fibril is a fine, touch, elastic fibre which is produced from caterpillars name called bombyxmori. After thirty-five age it has hatched fro m the eggs laid by its parent moth, the caterpillar, normally referred to as giant silkworm, that silkworm usually spends its clock clock in eating the leaves of a mulberry tree. Within devil or three days spinning it surrounds itself in a cocoon which consists of a continuous and very fine filament of silk. Then silkworm turns into a moth, which escapes by making a hole through the cocoon. The first cocoons were placed in very hot body of body of water to soften the sticky gum, sericin, which holds the filament together. The ends of the filament are found and it would be unwound. This development is called reeling. The silk filament is put on to large reels which are known as swifts. Silk is not standardised cotton or wool, it is not spun but twisted, then term throwing rather than spinning. Throwing includes the revolving of two sets of bobbins at different, carefully adjusted, speeds.PORTERS five-spot FORCESShaping an labor and define its competitors and attractiveness smoke be date through porters five forces.Threats for young entrance nobleThe silk industry of all time has potential threat entrance from developing countries like china in relation to global exports. Through thither are lots of barriers like smashing requirements and chemical requirements. It is difficult for the other countries to develop the commercialise because of the capital requirement and to gain the confidence of the presidency. Since there is a organization incite which results in gaining a new entrance for the competitors with inexpensive labour. That threat for new entrance is comparatively high.Barriers bureau of the buyers highThe buyer power is relatively high in the fabric industry as they drive the industry as such. There is the high hat utilization of the resources such that there is a major investment from the buyers. The buyers drive the industry due to price proximity and quality of the product.Barriers power of the providers lowSuppliers for t he cloth industry are provided by the chemical industry as they are one of the structural drivers. The supplier is relatively low as compare to the other industries. The suppliers are those who leave the raw stuff to the fabric industry for the production of the textile materials. The determine of the chemical substances which has been supplied to the textile industry is rising due to economic corner and inflation.Threats of substitute highThe substitutes product for silk industry is cotton and wool. Normally the demand for the cotton is very high, because it is the one of the cheapest product in textile material. Silk fabric is the one of most costly and luxury material in textile industry. Demand for the wool material is high during winter seasons. While that time silk material is not that much demand while comparing with cotton. belligerent rivalry highThe competitive rivalry within the industry is very high and this is justified rivalry within silk industry producers who supply a large variety of silk products to instigate further demand in grocery store also reasserting the justification it is clearly noticeable that the product air travel depth width of the silk supply is high and portfolio of the product is of a high variety within the silk industry.PESTLE (Macro purlieual analysis for the Silk Industry in India)The concept of PESTEL analysis provides the framework of macro- purlieual factors to s privy the external environment. It the basic son of a bitch to understand market developing or decline. This framework evaluates the impact of political, economic, social, technology, environment and legal factors on the business environment. This analysis provides opportunities or threats for an organization in external environment.Political environmentThe political factors in silk textile industry include trade regulations, tax policies. The silk industry add up major growth as it one of the booming sector in India. The government have lots o f subsidiary to textile industry as it is the second largest producer of silks. The tax exemption has been provided on the exports done from the industry.Economic environmentThe GDP growth for the silk textile industry in the last two years is declining because of the global economic recession, due to this the labour cost as findably increase in a gradual pace. This has also descend customer spending capability. Purchasing power of the consumer is high, because silk sarees shows the prestige status of women in India.Social analysisThe silk industry has normally changes the customers living standard and also changes the social cultural factors in the mien designing industry. Silk is the maximum consumed in south India which has abundant resources of fabrics and raw materials. The silk sarees resemble the social culture of women in India particularly in Tamil Nadu.Technology analysisIndia being one of the major exporters of silk, the silk industry in India has gained maximum focus and attention from the government wherein any new technological advancement in production is introduced to this industry adding to the important to this industry. Recently there are lot of new construct and technological developments which are taking place in the textile industry and which will provide the customer and the government to improve the revenue considerably.environmental analysisThere are a couple of(prenominal) critical problems in footing of environment and ecology which are facing the silk industry these include the chemical wastes and emission from silk producing factories which tend to cause nervous disorders. Another issue which tardily is gaining spotlight attention relates to the disruption of the ecological system and imbalance due to the cleansing of silk worms and this problem was one of the main driver to produce what is called inoffensive silk (i.e.) silk produced without harming the silk worms.Legal analysisThe health and safety issues are always cons ider in this type of industry there are committees in international organizations to take care the benefits of the workers. Compensation for the workers is low in silk industry. There are many times the weavers have strike to raise the salary for them. morphologic DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN SILK INDUSTRYIn this silk industry there are many structural drivers of change. These drivers of change can be seen in fashion of the people, government and purchasing power of the consumers.Fashion trends of the peopleIndian saris are the habitual clothing of Indian women. Fashion of the people remains changing, so the textile industries also produce the saris according to the people wants. The silk sarees are defendable as that they are easy to carry light weighted and military service in free movement. This silk sarees are softness and crispness which assure the best quality. The spring for the popularity of the silk sarees is suitability to all occasions. There are many varieties of silk saree l ike jamdani silk saree, pure silk bridal wear, ethnic kanchipuram saree puddle for purely traditional wear, the art silk sarees, printed silk sarees, khadi silk sarees and kora silk which are more fashionable Indian silk sarees.GovernmentThe silk industry is the one of the major sector which developed the Indian thriftiness and it increase the GDP. There are 2000 set of new textile policy reforms in textile sector, which dealing with removal of raw material price distortions, cluster approach for power looms, pragmatic exit of stagnate mills, modernisation of outdated technology, etc. The Union Budget of 2005-2006 announced economic progressive policies, which includesReduction in corporate tax rate from 35% to 30% with 10% surcharge.Reduction in depreciation rate on plant and machinery from 25% to 15%.Initiation of cluster development for handloom sector. accessibility of health insurance package to 0.2mn weavers from 0.02mn initially.Purchasing power of the customerSilk sarees make the best among all Indian sarees. The price of the Indian sarees start from few thousand rupees, a good silk saree can cost a lot of rupees. This silk saree shows the prestige status for women. Few years out front rich people can only buy the silk sarees, while that time price of the sarees is at high. Middle and lower naval division people cannot able to buy the silk sarees. But now a days purchasing power of the middle class is raised. At present the Indian middle class people is where around 351 million. Purchasing power of the customer has been increased.INDUSTRY spiritedness CYCLE OF SILK INDUSTRYDevelopmentThe silk industry is the second largest producer and it has an grievous bodily harm pose in India it plays an important role textile industry and export. It produces 18% of raw silks in total world. The total production of silk during 2005-06 was 16,500 MT and export were Rs. 2,879.56 crores.Source http//www.india-crafts.com/business-reports/indian-textile-industry /sericulture-silk-sector.htmAccessed succession 13-3-2010IntroductionSilk industry is one of the most important industries from historical period in India. The sericulture industry employs over 700,000 farm families and is by and large concentrated in Southern India. As in today 56 lakhs people are dependent on this sericulture industry. The potency of this industry calumny in its extensive base, the sustaining market demand pulls particularly from the Indian handloom weave sector.Source http//ezinearticles.com/?Indian-Silk-Industryid=364907Accessed Date 13-3-2010GrowthThe revenue from the textile industry has boosted up the GDP growth in India. The industry magnitude has long-drawn-out from USD 37 million in 2004-05 to USD 49 billion in 2006-07. In this era, the local market witnessed an escalation of USD 7 billion this is from USD 23 billion to USD 30 billion. The export market developed from USD 14 billion to USD 19 billion in the homogeneous period.Source http//business.maps ofindia.com/india-gdp/industries/textile.htmlAccessed Date 13-3-2010MaturityThis is a growing industry which mainly depends on GDP growth and the inflation around the globe. Maturity microscope stage is the stage where the industry cannot grow as they have seen a complete product development and review but the silk industry falls on the growing stage. If the silk industry reaches the adulthood stages then the industry start to decline. exacerbateThe Indian silk industry will not see the decline money box the year 2020.CONCLUSION FOR INDUSTRY LIFE CUYCLEAs seen the Indian economy is growing in faster pace than the other developing countries there is a considerable growth for the past two years. The budget is also presented in a diversified manner such that the industry grows as the inflation decrease. The industry falls in between the growth and maturity stage in the industry life cycle diagram.SCENARIOSRecycling the silk sarees chemical wastageArtificial silkScenario-1 Recycling the silk sareesThe old silk sarees are recycled into new silk sarees and it can be swops in the market at better price. There are any(prenominal) manufacturing attach to which collect damaged and old silk sarees from people and that sarees recycled into new one. This progression saves the manufacture time and that sarees can be produced with new designs. Even though the sarees are recycled the value of the sarees did not reduce, so manufacturer can sell the sarees in fine price. In this operate, cost of production is less and it can gain more profit. This play is environment friendly, normally discolour company produce water pollution but in this recycling process creating pollution is very less while compare to the dyeing company. This process is introduce because, people consuming silk sarees are more in India they can use the silk sarees for maximum five years then they dont use that saree, so that old sarees can be recycled in this process.Scenario-2 Chemical wastageIn s ilk industry, dyeing and finishing sector uses the large amount of water and extensive qualities of manifold chemicals. The chemical using in this process can be lessen and the sarees can be produce with less chemical effects. The dyeing companies are facing lot of challenge in this process. These companies are the main reason for the water pollution. The chemical wastage which produces in the dyeing companies is mix with the river water and creates water pollution for the environment. The dyeing companies should have the proper outlet for the waste water. So the chemical usage can be reduce in the production of silk sarees and that dyeing companies should have the proper outlet for that chemical wastage and that chemical wastage should not mix with the river water. This process saves our environment.Scenario-3- Artificial silkNow a days silk is civilized in Japan, China, Spain, France and Italy are replaced to artificial fibers that has been used of silk in much of the textile i ndustry. The silk industry has a business worth of $200-$500 million annually. A small piece of silk fabric is produced by cleanup spot thousands of silkworms. Some of the industries in India are trying to produce silk cloth without killing of silkworms. Ahimsa silk sarees which is produced in Hyderabad, India is without killing silkworms. At the present time people dont like the sarees which is produced by killing silkworms, they are prefer for this ahimsa silk. These ahimsa silk sarees are eco-friendly. In future silk sarees can be produced without killing silkworm.RECOMMENDATIONCommencing from above scenarios 3rd and 2nd can be suggested, because the third scenario tells about the producing of silk cloths without killing silkworm so generation of the silkworm is also saving through this method. Scenario 2 which tells regarding the reducing of chemical wastage in dyeing industry, this process will save the environment pollutions.CONCLUSIONIn India silk industry is a foremost play er in the global scenario and the growth forecast for the industry appear to be optimistic. Method like the support of additional technological and economic research in the different aspects of sericulture, geometrical regularity and quality control of silk and silk products and explanation of marketing and stabilization of prices of silk cocoons and raw silk it major power increase quickly than yet before.REFFERENCEhttp//ezinearticles.com/?Indian-Silk-Industryid=364907Accessed Date 14-3-2010http//business.mapsofindia.com/india-gdp/industries/textile.htmlAccessed Date 14-3-2010http//www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/textile-industry.htmlAccessed Date 20-3-2010Ahimsa Silk Silk saree without killing a single silkwormAccessed Date 20-3-2010http//www.articlesnatch.com/Article/The-Kanchipuram-Silk-Industry/152671Accessed Date 20-3-2010http//www.collectibles-articles.com/Article/Things-To-Remember-About-Silk-Sarees/23170Accessed Date 28-3-2010http//indiansilk.kar.nic.in/body_silk.htmlA ccessed Date 28-3-2010

Environment Of North East India North Eastern Region History Essay

Environment Of northwestward eastbound India North east expanse History EssayCHAPTER 2The North eastern intimatelyern office shargons put offs with Bhutan, Nepal and chinawargon on its North, Myanmar on its eastern and Bangladesh on its southbound and West, approximately 60% of Indias belt down fences. It is the only theatrical role in southerly Asia to be situated amid five countries. The jungles of South East Asia sweep down from Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh across seven former(a) commonwealths Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, Malaysia and Vietnam-spanning political boundaries regard little of physical frontiers. The region wins annoy code for chin upa to the verbalize of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. Lhasa is 1200 Km from Kolkota Port and Kunming is 550 Km from Sittwe user interface in Myanmar. Nepal is dependent on Kolkota larboard for all its clientele. similarly Bhutans economy is linked to India done Assam and West Bengal. Myanmar i s a gateway for India to South East Asia finished this region and Bangladesh is a prominent wedge ming direct with Indian mainland and its North East pass ons. Each one of these countries is in a extract of influx and economic turmoil, constrained by legitimacy issues. thither are political, economic and boundary grievances as a fallout of exquisite- great power syndrome. They are providing sanctuaries to the incendiary groups from the North Eastern region. Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN) in large quantity is finding their way into the North East from the neighboring countries.The region has an field of 2.6 lakh sq.km (8.06% of Indias land area)1 piece of music its population is 39 million plus (3.73 % of Indias population)2. It has estimated483 ethnic tribes with a comparable to(predicate) number of langu successions and dialects3. The region has immense geo strategic importance and the ongoing insurgencies and the capital punishment of the Look East Policy is a matt er of grave b another(prenominal)ation to the disposal and the strategic planners of the region.Ethnic coalitions, oral traditions and lifestyles based on detect for nature pay off mattered more in these regions than frontiers. Here men and women, with earthy origins but different nationalities, share a racial, historic, anthropological and linguistic chemical attraction with each other that is more vital than their links with the mainstream political centers, particularly at Delhi, capital of Bangladesh and Rangoon, or Yangon.Neighbouring Countries of the North Eastern RegionBangladeshGeo -Strategic Location. Bangladesh is delimited with India almost full(a)ly on three locatings with Assam (263 km.), Meghalaya (443 km.), Mizoram (318 km.) and Tripura(856km.) but for a small but significant confine in the southeast with Myanmar. at that place are hardly whatsoever(prenominal) natural obstacles as the area consists of jungles, hills, plains and riverine stretches. It is thickly populate and cultivation is carried out right up to the leap. The Indo-Bangladesh resile is a permeable b put with illegal immigration and anti national activities from Bangladesh. To curtail the above, the authorities of India had sanctioned the construction of border roads and fencing in devil phases. The total length of Indo-Bangladesh border sanctioned to be fenced is 3,436.59 km. out of which to the highest degree 2,735.12 km. of fencing has so far been completed and is expected to be accurate by March 2012.4CUsersabcDocumentspaasInternal Security _ India_filesnorth_east_india.jpgThis border is contiguous with Myanmar posit of Rakhine (old Arakan), thus gains importance. Its geo-strategic location is of significant value to the twain strategic rivals, china and India, because in the north Bangladesh is separated from the Himalayan kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan by a houseclean of Indias grime, which is know as the Siliguri Corridor5.The Siliguri Corridor ( narrowest is 21 Km) is regarded as a rattling fond strategic land for India. If this land connection is blocked in next by any internal or external elements, India would find it self compress off from its strategic part of the Seven Sisters states, so in that blank space the only alternative way for India to reach its historic part of land is a strategic corridor through Bangladesh. chinaware enjoys admission price to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar. Bangladeshs object to connect it with Kunming by a road through Myanmar could be an alternative route for China. Indias geo-strategic location is too important for Bangladesh because Bangladesh energy pledge strategy relies on the import of hydro-based electricity from Bhutan or Nepal, so Bangladesh require a route for access through India.Successive g all everywherenments in Bangladesh except Awami unite were reluctant to help North East India get access to the Bay of Bengal through Chittagong port as well as by al star ting transit. However, after dude Hasina came to power Bangladesh has withal agreed to use their territory for transportation of heartfelts on specific purposes. Bangladesh Foreign Minister Dipu Moni besides indicated that Dhaka would welcome Indian support for Chittagong Port development where China is also bidding.6With a growing Islamist agenda, the at once East Pakistan had emerged as the primary staging ground for the ISI-Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI) trading operations in the North East. The erstwhile East Pakistan was aiding the Mizo and the Naga separatists before 1971. The DGFI, as is well known, is a smaller standard of the ISI and was created in 1978 by Gen Zia-ur-Rahman, and presently it is this organisation that has taken the foremost to delegate forward intelligence capabilities in the North East.After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibir Rehman in 1975, on that point had been a transparent pitch of the foreign polity of Bangladesh toward s China. Bangladesh has been acquiring their defence and development needs from China. In 2002, both the countries had sign an agreement on Defence Cooperation which covers troops training and defence production. The Bangladesh build up Forces are equipped with tanks, frigates, missile boats and fighter jets from China.7Migration .Migration from the erstwhile East Bengal/ East Pakistan and the present day Bangladesh to eastern and North Eastern parts of India has been an ongoing phenomenon8. Only after the partition of India in 1947, following(a) which the political boundaries win overd has this age -old tradition blend Illegal. This cross- border movement of people is due to a number of interrelated factors economic, environmental, religious and political. Bangladesh is one of the most populous and poorest countries in the world. Hence Bangladesh is a study source of labour, but mainly of low skilled and unskilled workers. This immigration in the North East was tension in Assam because of tea, oil and coal industries and the demand for labour. From Assam the immigrants are going to other states of the region. In recent times, Nagaland, on with Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur has attracted a large number of immigrants. In Mizoram, migration from Bangladesh and Myanmar has become a sombre issue. The influx from across the border has resulted in demographic transformation which has led to tribal insurgency in the states.Indo Bangladesh Relations. With the sheikha Hasina government in power in Bangladesh, Indias dealings with that untaught face set to make better. Bangladesh lies contiguous to Indias sensitive North East, which has been the focus of destabilization through anti Indian insurgencies supported by China, Myanmar and also Bangladesh, singly and jointly with Pakistan. However the surety related issues need to be addressed. The issues include the estimable beginns provided to the Indian Insurgent Groups like the Unit ed vent Front of Assam (ULFA), activities of the Muslim Groups much(prenominal) as the Muslim release Tigers of Assam (MULTA) and the People United Liberation Front (PULF), passage of armor and ammunition through and from Bangladesh.The visit of the Bangladesh premier(a) Minister from10-13 January 2010 promised to launch a in the raw phase in the ties mingled with the two countries. Three agreements were subscribe fight against international terrorism, unionized horror and illegal drug trafficking, mutual legal help in condemnable matters and mutual transfer of convicted prisoners. If despite internal resistance from anti Indian elements and the bureaucracy, India Bangladesh relations can be steadily transformed, it entrusting considerably improve the political and economic dynamics of the region. Bangladesh can reanimate a substantiative part in linking the eastern region of South Asia to Myanmar, Thailand and beyond. A re effect however has to be represent, to t he problem of illegal Bangladesh migration into India.9The Prime Minister of India was on a two day visit to Bangladesh from 06-07 September 2011, during which many agreements less the Teesta River were signed. The boundary issues to include the 111 Indian Enclaves (17,158 acres) and 51 Bangladesh Enclaves (7,110 acres) were agreed upon. water supply Problem. Water has been a study issue in India-Bangladesh relations. There are 54 shared rivers amidst India and Bangladesh. The two waste till date signed only the Ganges Water treaty in 1997. While the Treaty has helped the two countries to arrive at a mutually acceptable solution on the sharing of the water of the Ganges Bangladesh remains apprehensive destinationly Indias intentions on several other water-related issues such as the sharing of the Teesta and Indias proposal on the interlinking of the rivers.10MyanmarGeo Strategic Location. Myanmar has a land border with India (1645 km) and Bangladesh. 4-spot Indian states (A runachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram) border Myanmar (Kachin Chin states and Sagaing Division).Myanmar is often perceived to be a buffer state betwixt the two Asian giants of India and China and also a connecting nation for India and other southeastward Asian nations. Myanmar is geographically, dominating the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea and this is where the spheres of enamor of India and China overlap. Its strategic location provides Myanmar with an opportunity to play a significant role in both the geopolitics and geo-economics of South and Southeast Asia. It can serve as a land bridge between India and prospering economies in the East and South East Asia. Also having good relations with Myanmar will allow India to check on the growing influence of China in the region. In addition, the availability of natural gas, oil, coal, zinc, precious stones, flavour and some deposits of Uranium in Myanmar overturns an economic dimension to its strategic significance. W ith the interplay of consider forces across the borders, Myanmar could be both a favoured destination and a crossover for other Southeast Asian countries and for India, but in reality it has failed to break either of these primarily because of its internal political problems. Unlike China, the grim realities of host dictatorship, isolation from rest of the world and several economic sanctions from West have restricted the nation to achieve economic success over time. The Chinese have made full use of this situation and have been discovery Myanmar of its natural resources.Administrative Map of MyanmarThe central Irrawaddy River valley is the hub around which Myanmar is organized. The valley has the hill areas where the population is of primarily the Kachin, Chin, Shan, Karenni and Karen people. These people are self organized and have their own armies and regular forces and they have been fighting the national soldiery since a long period. However, these hill regions which are populated by the nonage are ethnically divided from within. They have migrated from China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia and India. Due to this reason, the western Myanmar which has the Chin population is not similar to the Karen in the eastern Myanmar in any manner. Similarly there is no common factor in wrong of language and culture between the Shans and the ethnic Burmans except for the Buddhist religion. In the case of the Arakans, their feeling is that they are not connected with the rest of Myanmar. The Indo- Myanmar border has no border fencing and not clearly demarcated, which allows people to freely cross with neither any security outpost dotted on or within even a few kilometers of the boundary. Communication base of operations on both sides is poor particularly on the Myanmar side it is abysmal. The area is poorly developed and ineffectively administered.Historical Background. It was in the 13th coulomb that the Chinas Yuan dynasty invaded Myanmar and it has been si nce then under the shadow of the Greater China. However, it is interesting to stir that at around the same time, Myanmar became the place of an Indian business conjunction which became a great support to the British in holding Myanmar as a part of Greater British India. In 1948, it became a union of Burma, which made it a sovereign independent rural. During the period 1958-60, there was sound politico-ethnic turmoil. In March 1962, General Ne Win, led a takeover after which he suspended the constitution of Burma and ruled the country with a military council and also supported one party system known as the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP).This resulted in a pot of insurgency movements by the ethnic groups like the Kachin Independent Army(KIA),the Shan State Army( SSA),the Arakanese radical Army(ARA), the Chin National Army(CAN)and the National Party of Arakan (NUPA) against the Rangoon Military Junta.There were serious repercussions of the insurgency and the separatist movements in the Sagaing Division, Chin Hills and the Arakan Region of Burma. It had a major affect on the politico-strategic environment of the eastern areas of India and Bangladesh. In the Indian states, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram were forthwith affected by this, drug trafficking, narco-terrorism from the Golden Triangle and the political brinkmanship between the Burmese Military establishment and the pro democracy movement led by Dow Aung Suu Kyi, daughter of General Aung San, who had been assassinated in July 1947. Myanmar governments writ does not extend over the entire country particularly along the border regions. The Myanmar army is poorly administered. If they are to render meaningful support in the long term, it will have to be upgraded.There is a grapple diversity in Myanmar, which has a population of 56 million. Majority of the population is Burman and the minority groups are Shan, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Chin, Kachin, Kayan, Danu, Akha, Kokang, Lahu, Rohingyia, Tavo yan, and Wa. Indians and the Chinese are the minority groups in Myanmar and there has been discrimination in their treatment by the Myanmar Government for autonomy and self determination. The Chinese because of the economic interests and the trade have gained an added advantage. Chinas overriding concern is a stable Myanmar to go through its landlocked southwest access to the Indian Ocean, as well as oil, gas and timber to feed its booming economy. The Indian community is not a homogenous group which is also a drawback. Myanmar is a part of the Golden Triangle including Laos and Cambodia. It is the second largest producer of illegitimate opium accounting for nearly 80% of worlds drug supply. It is a major narco-trafficking nation and currency laundering continues to hinder the overall anti-drug efforts in the country. North East Region is affected through illegal trade of narcotics, stones and implements of war from that country into the hinterland of India. Thus there is a need of military co-operation between Myanmar and India to control the drug trafficking, weapon smuggling and support to the insurgents.india_weapons-smuggling croped.jpgIndia has taken initiative to improve her economic relationship with Myanmar by keeping possible doors pay for bilateral engagement, like investment, infrastructure, trade and other co-operation. Trade with and through Myanmar would furbish up Indias Northeast and make both the nations prosperous. Also, Myanmar being Indias gateway to ASEAN, it is the only country of this group, which has a land and maritime boundary with India. Thus with India turn a summit level partner of ASEAN and a member of the East Asia Summit, ameliorate relations with Myanmar can be good in many respects. Besides, Myanmar and India are members of other sub regional groupings such as the BIMST-EC and the Mekong Ganga Cooperation. The recent think infrastructure development of road, rail and streams from Indian side are all steps in the di rection of establishing economic and business connections with Myanmar.In 1992, following the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Indian government launched its Look East Policy, which in the words of the then prime minister was a strategic shift in Indias vision of the world and Indias place in the evolving global economy. Since that time, a number of initiatives have been pursued to accession ties, largely in trade relations, between India, members of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other Asian states. As Indias gateway to East Asia, the Burmese military regime has found itself in a key geo-strategic spotlight, giving it a strong pass off in negotiations with India.In 2000, relations between India and Myanmar improved with the formation of the Mekong Ganga Cooperation and also by becoming the biggest purchasing player of the exports of Myanmar. Though the Indo Myanmar Friendship itinerary was completed in 2001, India has not been able to exploit its pote ntial by reaching the markets of Southeast Asia. Indian companies have been involved in negotiations with Myanmar in the fields of onshore and offshore explorations of oil and gas and hydropower stomachs.Kaladan Multi Modal conveyancing Project .The construction of the Kaladan Multi Modal Transport Project commenced in 2010 and is liable(predicate) to be completed by 2015. This would facilitate Indias North Eastern Region to be linked to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar using the road and waterway of the Kaladan River through the Arakan State. The ports on the route at Kaletwa, Paletwa and Sittwe will be constructed by the Indian Government, while the highway linking Paletwa and Myeikwaon on the Indian side will be constructed by the Myanmar Ministry of Construction. The distance between Sittwe Port and Haldia is approximately 12 hours sail and with Vishakhapatnam it is 36 hours sail.11The cargo vessels will travel along the Kaladan River in Sittwes eastern bank to berth at Si tpyitpyin in Paletwa, where a port will be built. From the port, a highway will be constructed to the border area of Myeikwa to facilitate the flow of commodities to Mizoram, which is located about 160 km from the port. Kalewa in Myanmar will be linked with Moreh in Manipur covering a distance of 160 Km and there will also be an up gradation of the Roads Rhi-Tidim and Rhi-Falam, as part of the project. With this project the entire North East will have direct access to the South East Asia for direct trading. This will facilitate the North East region, an access to the sea route.Moreh on the NH 39 and the Indo Myanmar border is an important post where border trade is carried out. Tamu is the border town of Myanmar, which has better infrastructure facilities than at Moreh. The Chinese have benefitted from the trade as their cheap electronics, silk goods and a wide ambit of goods have been smuggled to the Indian market through this area. This is something which should become a cause of worry for India.Due to the location of the Sittwe port not very far from Kyakpiu port of Myanmar and Chittagong Port of Bangladesh it gains a serious geo -strategic importance with Indias presence. China is providing support to Myanmar in developing the Kyakpiu port and constructing a road and oil-gas line of business connecting Kunming. China has also proposed to develop Chittagong port and Sonadia deep sea port located seven kms off the Cox Bazaar. The construction of Sittwe incidentally comes close on the heels of Myanmars elections and release of Aung Sun Swu Kyi. India, in spite of the international blackjack has remained engaged with Burmese military junta since 1993 keeping in bear in mind its strategic importance.Visit of Than Shwe. During Than Shwes visit to India in July 2010, the two nations resolved to increase trade by up to $1 billion per annum. Than Shwe expressed his expiation on the construction, maintenance and repair work of the Road Tamu- Kalaywa- Kalemyo co nnecting Moreh in Manipur to Myanmar by the Border Roads Organisation of India and thereafter handing over most of the segments to the Government of Myanmar. It will commence construction and revamping of the Road Rhi -Tiddim with financial grants from India. India agreed to give a grant of $ 10 Million for agricultural machinery and also give technical assistance to manufacture the same in Myanmar. India had agreed to provide assistance in the implementation of the Tamanthi and Shwezaye power projects on the Chindwin River Basin in Myanmar. A third Border Trading point will be made functional at Avankhug- Somra( Nagaland). India will provide fast inshore and offshore boats and interceptors to patrol rivers and deltas. Treaty on mutual legal assistance in crook matters to combat transnational organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, money laundering and smuggling of arms and explosives was signed. Both, Oil and Natural Gas guardianship Videsh and GAIL have a 30 percent stake in two gas producing blocks in Myanmar as part of consortium which is supplying the hydro coulomb gas to China. They also are a part of the pipeline project which will link the two blocks to China. Than Shwe reiterated Myanmars support for Indias bid for permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council. He also conveyed his support for Indias candidature for a non-permanent seat in the UNSC for the term 2011-2012.A strategy of increased security cooperation and a strengthened collective effort to fight the insurgents and combat terrorism along the border of the two countries was agreed upon .There is a global arms embargo on Myanmar, but India is not part of it. However there are worries that the Myanmar military may use the weapons and other military equipment, such as helicopters, sold or donated by India for the crackdown on insurgents, against ethnic civilians.Insurgency. There is close social and cultural affinity between the tribal population on both sides of th e Indo- Myanmar border, particularly in Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. The area on the Myanmar side is infested with insurgent groups camps and due to logistics and hostile terrain, the Myanmar Government has not been able to employ sovereignty and is a constraint for anti -terror operations. There are surface militias in the Shan State. Some of the insurgent groups have been active against Yangon for over four decades. This was the reason why the Naga and the Assamese groups have been finding refuge on the Myanmar side.For many years India has faced an insurgency in the remote nor-east of the country, with insurgent groups frequently operating from bases inside Myanmar. Myanmars military co-operation with the Indian Government in dealing with these groups has been accountly linked with an Indian government snap to supply a variety of military hardware such as tanks, aircraft, artillery guns, radar, small arms and advanced light helicopters. In April 2007 it was reported that I ndian and Myanmar security forces were stocking joint military operations along the 1,643-km Indo-Myanmar border to neutralise insurgent groups.Any military operations in this region must be undertaken along with a social uplift programme,otherwise, it would be only a police action. It is doubtful whether the military regime is ca-ca for such social action. India has been engaged in peace parleys with both factions of NSCN for some time now. Carrying out joint or closely coordinated operations in areas of their proximity without jeopardizing the peace talks will require a lot of finesse. The area of operations is astride the routes of flourishing drug trade and traffic as well as arms traffic. Vested interests, including those from the Myanmar Army and criminal elements involved in such traffic will also have to be tackled.In the month of January 2010, an agreement was signed between India and Myanmar to conduct joint military operations in North East and Myanmar against the India n insurgents hiding in the dense jungles of Myanmar. The aim was to ensure that no insurgent can escape to the other side when facing the heat on one side. The security forces were also to be more vigilant on the border against smuggling of drugs, arms and other goods.China has always been a staunch supporter of the military junta12. Myanmar gave China an assurance over an important crude oil pipeline and promised to maintain stability along the border after unrest in August 2009 pushed thousands of refugees into Yunnan. Indias concern over the transit, permanent and training camps and other support by Myanmar on their background to the Indian Insurgent Groups (IIGs) including ULFA has made an affect. They have endeavored to launch counter-insurgency operations. Besides ULFA, NSCN (Khaplang), Peoples Liberation Army and United National Liberation Front from Manipur too have their camps within Myanmar territory. Some of these camps are in the Kachin province bordering China the othe r outfits have been operating from areas bordering India. Cross border smuggling of small arms from South East Asia and Chinas Yunnan also exists.NSCN(K) and the Myanmar Government have signed a bilateral cease fire agreement on 9April 2012.While China has long maintained a friendly relationship with Myanmar, India appears to have changed its position on the regime over the last decade. Indias past calls for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi as well as for a national political reconciliation mathematical operation seem to have been replaced by a policy of engagement rather than sanctions as a means to exert influence over the military administration, and a new pragmatic stancewhich allows it to take advantage of new investment opportunities wherever they appear.Shift of USA Stance. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clintons two day visit in December 2011, the first of its kindhearted after the 1950s to Myanmar has been a welcome step as compared to luxurious sanctions on th e Military Junta Rule. This step is primarily to shift the focus of Myanmar from China which was gaining an excessive grip over the country.USA has now shifted its focus to Asia peaceful where most countries were getting concerned about the rise of China and it assertiveness. She had discussions with the chair Thein Sein and Ms Aung San Suu Kyi , leader of the National League for Democracy Party.USA has lifted sanctions against Myanmar.The change in trend in Myanmar of liberalization and to have good relations with the countries of the world will have a major impact in Asia. By taking initiatives to open talks with the USA and other neighbouring countries it will be able to develop into an energy and natural resources base in the sub-continent, China and the South East Asia. Kunming, which is an important place in the Yunnan res publica of China, will play an important role in South East Asia as it can become the hub of the rail and the river routes.Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of t he National League for Democracy has joined the parliamentary system which has been crafted by the Generals. It is a similar -civilian government in which a quarter of the seats are reserved for serving military soldiers. The government under President Thein Sein is being seen as a government which will bring reforms and this can be viewed by his actions of freeing political prisoners, relaxation of the media control, the trade unions being legalized and the most important one being of dialogue with the ethnic minority rebels.NepalGeo Strategic Location. Nepal shares a close geographic proximity with India and China, the two acknowledged nuclear weapons states and major powers in Asia. Nepal is closer to Tibet, which is a disputed area between India and China, and is home for 12,000 Tibetans refugees. India and Nepal have signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950 which guarantees the open border. Nepals open frontier with the heartland states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Wes t Bengal makes India extremely vulnerable. Nepals geo-strategic location is beneficial for China and India but it is a threat for Nepal, because Nepal lies between two sizeable rivals. Nepal is most unlikely to face direct foreign military trespass because of its geopolitical location but its potential to become a serious haven to hostile groups is possible. Nepal has energy resources due to which it also gains importance.India Nepal MapMaoist Insurgency. Nepal has undergone major crisis since the commencement of the Maoist insurgency in 1966. This had resulted in the country being taken hostage by some state and non state actors. The effect of this has been that the agricultural production is declining, the unemployment rate has soared up to 60 percent, most of the industries are closing and there have been regular bandhs and strikes. The law and order situation has deteriorated and the common man feels unsafe, more so in the eastern hill regions of the country. In November 2006 , a Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Communist Party of Nepal -Maoists (Later called UCPN- Maoists) was signed, resulting in constitution assembly election in 2008.The politico -economic state of Nepal has worsened after 2006.It has affected the balance of trade, Indian currency is not available, banking and financial institutions have failed, poor supply of electricity and supply of petroleum products is undependable. The Government has not been able to find a solution for integrating and rehabilitating the 19000 odd Maoist insurgents. The Unified CPN- Maoists have ultimately joined the Government.13The United Nations Mission (UNMIN) ended their term in January 2011.They had play an important role in ensuring the ceasefire agreement with the Maoists and also supported in the conduct of the elections in 2008.China is becoming more assertive in demanding equal treatment with India in terms of the latters respective treaties with Nepal. With the Maoists now becoming a strong political force in Nepal, and given their ideological compulsion to be seen as drawing Nepal closer to China, coupled with their occasional(a) ranting calculated to inflame public opinion against India, the political terrain has become more favourable for China.

Coca Cola Performance Appraisal System Management Essay

coca plant weed feat Appraisal System Management EssayThe Coca-Cola confederacy is the military mans large-scalest manufacturer, distri thoor, and merchandiseer of non- cloudburst potable concentrates and syrups. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, KO sh ars concentrated material bodys of its deglutitions to bottlers, which produce, package, and sell the finished products to retailers. The Coca-Cola ac c on the wholeer operates in everywhere 200 countries and sells over four hundred different products, including the world-famous Coca-Cola and fairyland lines of advantageously-to-do boozes.KO faces several challenges today. An increase consumer option for healthier drunkennesss has resulted in slowing fruit rates for sales of change velvet insobrietys (abbreviated as CSD), which constitutes 74% of KOs sales. KOs profits be alike vulnerable to the rising cost for the raw materials employ to shoot drinks such(prenominal) as the corn syrup used as a sweetener, the alumi num used in cans, and the bendable used in bottles. Additionally, as sustenance retailers watch consolidating, theyre gaining more power to negotiate for lower sets, decrease KOs footing flexibility.Despite these challenges, Coca-Cola has remained highly profitable. Though the non-CSD merchandise is outgrowth quickly, the traditional CSD food market is slake very much larger in legal injury of two revenues and leger. The surface and variety of KOs offerings in the CSD category, coupled with the remarkable defacement law of the Coca-Cola trademark, has allowed KO to maintain its sh atomic publication 18 of the large, high-margin CSD market. At the same(p) time, KO has responded to consumers changing tastes and begun launching hot, non-CSD alternatives.The Coca-Cola accompany engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups worldwide. It generally offers sparkling and still beverages. The phoners sparklin g beverages include nonalcoholic ready-to-drink beverages with carbonation, such as energy drinks, and change water systems and flavored waters. Its still beverages consist of nonalcoholic beverages without carbonation, including non-carbonated waters, flavored waters and enhanced waters, succuss and juice drinks, teas, coffees, and sports drinks. The Coca-Cola Company also offers commencement syrups, syrups, and concentrates, such as flavoring ingredients and sweeteners. The company markets its nonalcoholic beverages under the Coca-Cola, nutriment reverse, Fanta, and Sprite vane name calling. The Coca-Cola Company also owns mineral water brands Kinley. The Coca-Cola Company, nourishing the orbicular conjunction with the worlds largest merchandising soft drink since 1886, returned to India in 1993 after a opening of 16 age giving a new thumbs-up to the Indian semisoft Drink Market. In the same year, the Company overlyk over ownership of the nations stature soft-drink brands and bottling net unravel. No wonder, their brands have got assumed an iconic status in the minds of the consumers. Coca-Cola serves in India few of the more or less recalled brands across the world including names such as Coca-Cola, Diet bump, Sprite, Fanta, Thumps Up, Limca, Maaza and Kinley (packaged beverage water).INTRODUCTIONHuman resource vigilance (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organizations most valued assets the people operative there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. It is the organizational determination that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, mathematical process management, organization k right awayledge, safety, health, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training.Objectives for act estimate policy can outdo be understood in terms of potential benefitsIncrease motivation to perform eff ectively.Increase round self-esteem.Gain new insight into cater and supervisors.Better clarify and adjust job functions and responsibilities.Develop valuable communication among appraisal participants.Encourage change magnitude self-understanding among staff as well as insight into the kind of development activities that ar of value.Distribute rewards on a fair and credible basis. finish up organizational goals so they can be more readily accepted. purify institutional/departmental manpower planning, test validation, and development of training programs. mathematical process appraisal may be defined as a incorporate formal interaction among a subordinate and supervisor, that usually takes the form of a periodic interview (annual or semi-annual), in which the work performance of the subordinate is examined and discussed, with a view to identifying weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for purifyment and skills development.In numerous organizations but non all appraisal results are used, either schoolly or indirectly, to help determine reward outcomes. That is, the appraisal results are used to identify the better performing employees who should get the legal age of procurable merit tolerate increases, bonuses, and promotions.By the same token, appraisal results are used to identify the poorer performers who may require some(a) form of counseling, or in extreme cases, demotion, knock offal or decreases in pay. (Organizations need to be aware of laws in their agricultural that might restrict their capacity to dismiss employees or decrease pay).The Performance Appraisal System (PAS) is designed to improve overall organizational performance by encouraging a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) level of directment and motivation and increased staff participation in the planning, delivery and evaluation of work. The dodge establishes a process for achieving responsibility and answerableness in the execution of programmes approved by the G eneral Assembly. It is based on linking individual work plans with those of departments and offices and entails setting goals, planning work in leave and providing ongoing feedback. An important function of the PAS is to promote communication between staff members and supervisors on the goals to be achieved and the basis on which individual performance provide be assessed, encouraging teamwork in the process.OBJECTIVESTo get familiar with cooperate world environment and culture.To learn how appraisals of a employee in the company is decide by managers.To learn the parameters seniors look while doing the appraisals.To see what are the factors, which decide how much appraisals, a particular should get. Who are the Peoples involved in appraisals system and who takes which last?To understand the appraisals system and methodology for appraisals in Coca-Cola India.To get familiar with the work and duties of a Human Resource (HR) Manager.INDUSTRY PROFILEREVIEW OF writings ON THE INDUST RYAn pains analysis with Porters Five Forces reveals that market forces are favorable for profit big businessman.Defining the industryBoth concentrate producers (CP) and bottlers are profitable. These twain parts of the industry are extremely interdependent, sharing costs in procurement, production, marketing and distribution. Many of their functions overlap for instance, cycles/second do some bottling, and bottlers conduct many promotional activities. The industry is already vertically incorporated to some extent. They also deal with similar suppliers and emptors. Entry into the industry would involve developing operations in either or both disciplines. crapulence substitutes would be both CPs and their associated bottlers. Because of operational overlap and similarities in their market environment, we can include both CPs and bottlers in our definition of the soft drink industry. In 1993, CPs earned 29% pretax profits on their sales, while bottlers earned 9% profits on their sales, for a bring industry profitability of 14% (Exhibit 1). This industry as a al unmatched generates positive economic profits.RivalryRevenues are extremely concentrated in this industry, with one C and Pepsi, together with their associated bottlers, commanding 73% of the case market in 1994. Adding in the next tier of soft drink companies, the top sixsome controlled 89% of the market. In fact, one could characterize the soft drink market as an oligopoly, or even a duopoly between Coke and Pepsi, resulting in positive economic profits. To be sure, there was tough competition between Coke and Pepsi for market function, and this occasionally hampered profitability.For example, toll wars resulted in weak brand loyalty and eroded margins for both companies in the 1980s. The Pepsi Challenge, meanwhile, affected market share without hampering per case profitability, as Pepsi was able to compete on attributes early(a) than price.Substitutes by the early 1960s, soft drinks were s ynonymous with colas in the mind of consumers. Over time, however, an opposite(prenominal) beverages, from bottled water to teas, became more popular, oddly in the 1980s and nineties. Coke and Pepsi responded by expanding their offerings, through and through alliances (e.g. Coke and Nestea), acquisitions (e.g. Coke and Minute Maid), and internal product cornerstone (e.g. Pepsi creating Orange Slice), capturing the value of increasingly popular substitutes internally. Proliferation in the number of brands did threaten the profitability of bottlers through 1986, as they more frequent line set-ups, increased capital investment, and development of superfluous management skills for more complex manufacturing operations and distribution. Bottlers were able to overcome these operational challenges through consolidation to achieve economies of scale. Overall, because of the CPs efforts in diversification, however, substitutes became less of a threat.Power of SuppliersThe inputs for Cok e and Pepsis products were primarily colewort and furtherance. Sugar could be purchased from many sources on the open market, and if sugar became too expensive, the firms could easily switch to corn syrup, as they did in the early 1980s. So suppliers of nutritive sweeteners did not have much bargaining power against Coke, Pepsi, or their bottlers. NutraSweet, meanwhile, had recently come off patent in 1992, and the soft drink industry gained another supplier, Holland Sweetener, which reduced Searles bargaining power and lowering the price of aspartame.With an abundant supply of inexpensive aluminum in the early 1990s and several can companies competing for contracts with bottlers, can suppliers had very little supplier power. boostmore, Coke and Pepsi effectively further reduced the supplier of can falsifyrs by negotiating on behalf of their bottlers, thereby decrease the number of major(ip)(ip) contracts available to two. With more than two companies vying for these contracts, Coke and Pepsi were able to negotiate extremely favorable agreements. In the plastic bottle business, again there were more suppliers than major contracts, so direct negotiation by the CPs was again effective at reducing supplier power.Power of buyersThe soft drink industry interchange to consumers through five principal posts food stores, convenience and gun, fountain, vending, and crowd merchandisers Supermarkets, the principal customer for soft drink makers, were a highly fragmented industry. The stores counted on soft drinks to generate consumer traffic, so they needed Coke and Pepsi products. But imputable to their tremendous degree of fragmentation (the biggest chain made up 6% of food retail sales, and the largest chains controlled up to 25% of a region), these stores did not have much bargaining power. Their only power was control over premium shelf space, which could be allocated to Coke or Pepsi products. This power did institute them some control over soft drink pro fitability. Furthermore, consumers expected to pay less through this channel, so prices were lower, resulting in somewhat lower profitability. matter mass merchandising chains such as Wal-Mart, on the other hand, had much more bargaining power. While these stores did carry both Coke and Pepsi products, they could negotiate more effectively due to their scale and the magnitude of their contracts. For this reason, the mass merchandiser channel was relatively less profitable for soft drink makers. The least profitable channel for soft drinks, however, was fountain sales. Profitability at these locations was so abysmal for Coke and Pepsi that they considered this channel paid sampling. This was because buyers at major fast food chains only needed to stock the products of one manufacturer, so they could negotiate for optimal pricing. Coke and Pepsi found these channels important, however, as an avenue to build brand recognition and loyalty, so they invested in the fountain equipment and cups that were used to serve their products at these outlets. As a result, while Coke and Pepsi gained only 5% margins, fast food chains made 75% gross margin on fountain drinks.Vending, meanwhile, was the most profitable channel for the soft drink industry. Essentially there were no buyers to bargain with at these locations, where Coke and Pepsi bottlers could sell directly to consumers through machines owned by bottlers. situation owners were paid a sales commission on Coke and Pepsi products sold through machines on their property, so their incentives were properly aligned with those of the soft drink makers, and prices remained high. The customer in this case was the consumer, who was generally limited on ache quenching alternatives.The final channel to consider is convenience stores and gas stations. If Mobil or Seven-Eleven were to negotiate on behalf of its stations, it would be able to exert significant buyer power in transactions with Coke and Pepsi. Apparently, though, this was not the nature of the alliance between soft drink producers and this channel, where bottlers profits were relatively high, at $0.40 per case, in 1993. With this high profitability, it seems likely that Coke and Pepsi bottlers negotiated directly with convenience store and gas station owners. So the only buyers with dominant power were fast food outlets. Although these outlets captured most of the soft drink profitability in their channel, they accounted for less than 20% of sum of money soft drink sales. Through other markets, however, the industry enjoyed literal profitability because of limited buyer power.Barriers to EntryIt would be nearly impracticable for either a new CP or a new bottler to image the industry. New CPs would need to overcome the tremendous marketing heft and market presence of Coke, Pepsi, and a few others, who had established brand names that were as much as a century old. Through their DSD practices, these companies had signify relationships w ith their retail channels and would be able to defend their positions effectively through discounting or other tactics. So, although the CP industry is not very capital intensive, other barriers would prevent entry. Entering bottling, meanwhile, would require substantial capital investment, which would deter entry. Further complicating entry into this market, existent bottlers had exclusive territories in which to distribute their products. Regulatory cheering of intrabrand exclusive territories, via the Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act of 1980, ratified this strategy, making it impossible for new bottlers to get started in any region where an existing bottler operated, which included every significant market in the US. In conclusion, an industry analysis by Porters Five Forces reveals that the soft drink industry in 1994 was favorable for positive economic profitability, as evidenced in companies pecuniary outcomes.MAJOR COMPANIESIn India there are only two major companiesHi ndustan Coca Cola Beverages Private Ltd.Pepsi Co.Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages Private Ltd.The Coca-Cola Company engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups worldwide. It principally offers sparkling and still beverages. The companys sparkling beverages include nonalcoholic ready-to-drink beverages with carbonation, such as energy drinks, and carbonated waters and flavored waters. Its still beverages consist of nonalcoholic beverages without carbonation, including non-carbonated waters, flavored waters and enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, and sports drinks. The Coca-Cola Company also offers fountain syrups, syrups, and concentrates, such as flavoring ingredients and sweeteners. The company markets its nonalcoholic beverages under the Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite brand names. The Coca-Cola Company also owns mineral water brands Kinley. The Coca-Cola Company, nourishing the global community with the worlds largest selling soft drink since 1886, returned to India in 1993 after a gap of 16 years giving a new thumbs-up to the Indian Soft Drink Market. In the same year, the Company took over ownership of the nations top soft-drink brands and bottling network. No wonder, their brands have assumed an iconic status in the minds of the consumers. Coca-Cola serves in India some of the most recalled brands across the world including names such as Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite, Fanta, Thumps Up, Limca, Maaza and Kinley (packaged drinking water).PEPSI Co.PepsiCo is a world leader in convenience foods and beverages, with 2007 revenues of more than $39 jillion and more than 185,000 employees across the world. Its world renowned brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories.PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and has grown to become the countrys largest selling food and beverage companies. One of the largest multinational investors in the country, PepsiCo has established a business which aims to serve the long term dynamic needs of consumers in India.PepsiCo India and its partners have invested more than U.S.$700 million since the company was established in the country in 1989. In India, PepsiCo provides direct drill to 4,000 people and indirect employment to 60,000 people including suppliers and distributors.PepsiCo Indias expansive portfolio includes iconic refreshment beverages Pepsi, 7 UP, Mirinda and Mountain Dew, in addition to low calorie options- Diet Pepsi and 7Up Light hydrating and nutritional beverages such as Aquafina drinking water, isotonic sports drinks Gatorade, and 100% natural fruit juices and juice based drinks Tropicana, Tropicana Twister and Slice. Our local brands Lehar Evervess Soda, Dukes Lemonade and Mangola complete our diverse spectrum of brands. PepsiCos bite food company, Frito-Lay, is the leader in the branded potato chip market and was amongst the freshman companies to eliminate the use of trans plump downs and M SG in its products. It manufactures Lays Potato Chips Cheetos extruded snacks, Uncle Chipps and traditional namkeen snacks under the Kurkure and Lehar brands. The companys high fibre breakfast cereal, Quaker Oats, along with Lehar Lites, low fat and roasted snack options enhance the choices available to the growing health and wellness needs of our consumers. Frito Lays core products, Lays, Kurkure, Uncle Chipps and Cheetos are cooked in Rice Bran Oil to importantly reduce saturated fats and all of its products contain voluntary nutritional labeling on their packets.The group has built an expansive beverage, snack food and exports business and to stand the operations are the groups 43 bottling plants in India, of which 15 are company owned and 28 are franchisee owned. In addition to this, PepsiCos Frito Lay snack division has 3 state of the art plants. PepsiCos business is based on its sustainability vision of making tomorrow better than today. Our commitment to living by this visio n every day is visible in our contribution to our country, consumers, farmers and our people. organise ANALYSISCoca Cola Co.Pepsi Co.StrengthsEstablished Market care easy Established NetworkParle brands acting as SubstitutesRegional Presence of some BrandsStrengthsMarket presence felt by customers.Increasing influence and identification. tender promotional CampaignIn touch with customerWeakness aberration of BottlersNot in touch with CustomersWeaknessSmaller Market ShareOther brands are not very popular (except Pepsi and Mirinda)OpportunitiesRegaining foregoing Market Share by promoting parle brandsOpportunitiesCan gain a large Share in Existing Market while Coca Cola consolidates its position.ThreatsPepsi co, the biggest competitorPepsi cos ability to judge the market mood accurately.ThreatsCoca Colas change in strategy which will be taking external the advantage.Coca cola ability to bring about price war. prink ANALYSIS FOR THE INDUSTRYSWOT stands for Strengths Weakness Opportu nities ThreatsSWOT analysis is a technique much used in many general management as well as marketing scenarios. SWOT consists of examining the current activities of the organization- its Strengths and Weakness- and then(prenominal) using this and external research data to set out the Opportunities and Threats that exist.Strengths intemperate and well differentiated brands with leading share positions. Brand portfolio includes both global Unilever brands and local brands of specific relevance to India.Consumer understanding and systems for building consumer insight.Strong RD potential well linked with business.Integrated supply chain and well penetrate manufacturing units.Distribution structure with wide reach, high quality coverage and ability to leverage scale.Access to Unilever global technology capability and sharing of best practices from other Unilever companies.High quality manpower resources.WeaknessesLimited success in changing drinking habits of people.Complex supply cha in configuration, unwieldy number of SKUs with dispersed manufacturing locations.Price positioning in some categories allows for low price competition.ThreatsLow priced competition now present in all categories.Changes in fiscal benefits.Unfavorable raw material prices in sugar, aluminum, commodity etc.OpportunitiesMarket and brand growth through increased penetration especially in rural areas.Brand growth through increased use of goods and services depth and frequency of usage across all categories.Upgrading consumers through renewal to new levels of quality. Leveraging the latest IT technology.COCA- dummy PROFILEREVIEW OF LITERATUREThe Coca-Cola Company (NYSE KO) is the worlds largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, KO sells concentrated forms of its beverages to bottlers, which produce, package, and sell the finished products to retailers. The Coca-Cola Company operates in over 200 countries and sells over cd different products, including the world-famous Coca-Cola and Sprite lines of soft drinks.KO faces several challenges today. An increased consumer preference for healthier drinks has resulted in slowing growth rates for sales of carbonated soft drinks (abbreviated as CSD), which constitutes 74% of KOs sales. KOs profits are also vulnerable to the rising costs for the raw materials used to make drinks such as the corn syrup used as a sweetener, the aluminum used in cans, and the plastic used in bottles. Additionally, as food retailers continue consolidating, theyre gaining more power to negotiate for lower prices, decreasing KOs price flexibility.Despite these challenges, Coca-Cola has remained highly profitable. Though the non-CSD market is growing quickly, the traditional CSD market is still much larger in terms of both revenues and volume. The size and variety of KOs offerings in the CSD category, coupled with the unparalleled brand equity of the Coca-Cola trade mark, has allowed KO to maintain its share of the large, high-margin CSD market. At the same time, KO has responded to consumers changing tastes and begun launching new, non-CSD alternatives.History and Corporate OverviewThe Coca-Cola Company traces its line of reasoning to 1884, when an entrepreneur named John Stith Pemberton concocted a cocaine-infused wine for sale in the U.S. A non-alcoholic version, called Coca-Cola, was introduced in the following year in response to new laws prohibiting alcoholic beverages, and the company was officially incorporated in 1888 in Atlanta, Georgia.The entire Coca-Cola system is divided into two parts the Coca-Cola Company and its bottlers. KO manufactures concentrates and syrups for its beverages, which it then sells to bottlers for packaging and distribution. KO owns all the rights for its brands, which include some of the worlds most popular non-alcoholic beverages, though it does grant bottlers some rights as part of its bottling agreements. In addition to manufacturing the concentrates, KO is also primarily responsible for marketing its brands, which includes running advertising and promotional campaigns. Bottling companies are generally independent of the Coca-Cola Company, though some are either partially or completely owned by KO.KO is now one of the largest corporations in the world, with a global workforce of over 90,000 and revenues of $28.8 trillion in revenues in 2007. Over the years, the brand equity of the Coca-Cola trademark, as well as that of other KO-produced brands, has established KO as a large(p) figure in the non-alcoholic beverage industry and allowed the company to keep both revenues and profits high.Sales and income data, in millions20042005200620072008Net sales $20,857 $21,742 $23,104 $24,088 $28,857 Net income (profits) $4,347 $4,847$4,872 $5,080$5,981 Units sold, in billions19.4 19.8 20.6 21.4 22.7 BottlersCoca-Cola holds domineering and noncontrolling interest in 64% of its worldwide bottler sCoca-Cola holds controlling and non controlling interest in 64% of its worldwide bottlers. Bottling and canning companies are typically screen from the Coca-Cola Companys main concentrate manufacturing business. However, KO does maintain ownership interests in many of its bottlers, ensuring that the relationship between the two parts of the Coca-Cola system remains close. whatever of the Coca-Cola Companys principal bottlers areCoca-Cola Enterprises (CCE) (NYSE CCE), which is the largest member of the Coca-Cola bottling network by volume. CCE accounts for 80% of all domestic Coca-Cola sales and 18% of all sales worldwide. KO retains a 35% share of CCE stock, as well as two of its long dozen board seats.Coca Cola Femsa S.A.B. de C.V. (KOF) (NYSE KOF), the second-largest bottler in the Coke system, produced 2 billion unit cases of beverages in 2007. KO owns 32% of Coca Cola Femsa S.A.B. de C.V. (KOF), which has a strong presence in Central and South America.COCA COLA HELLENIC BOTTL ING CO (CCH) S.A. (NYSE CCH) is KOs fourth-largest bottling company, selling 1.81 billion cases in 2007. CCH has a large market presence in Europe, Asia, and Africa with its operations spread among 26 different countries. KO currently owns 23% of CCHs stock.ProductsThe Coca-Cola Company produces over four hundred brands of non-alcoholic beverages, including carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, such as ready-to-drink juices, coffee drinks, tea and bottled water. Of these over 400 brands, there are more than 2,600 different varieties. Most of KOs beverage portfolio is composed of CSD, though the company has been expanding into the non_CSD category in response to a shift in consumer demand and a greater emphasis on healthy options.Carbonated Soft DrinksCarbonated soft drinks are the superstar largest component in the Coca-Cola Companys collection of beverages, accounting for around 74% of total volume sold in 2006. Within the CSD category, KO offers other honeyed drinks and diet drinks. Of all CSD sales, beverages bearing the Coca-Cola or Coke trademark make up 55% of total volumes.Some of the Coca-Cola Companys major CSD offerings includeCoca-ColaDiet Coca-ColaSpriteFantaBarqs Root BeerCoke nixIntroduced in 2005, Coke Zero is the most significant of KOs new innovations. This beverage is marketed as a calorie-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, omitting the diet label in an attempt to appeal to new demographics. This brand alone accounted for nearly on third of all 2006 growth for beverages bearing the Coca-Cola trademark. Most of KOs carbonated soft drinks come in several varieties with different flavors, caloric values, etc.KO also offers energy drinks such as TaB and Full Throttle, which are carbonated but are aimed at different demographics, putting them in a special category of their own.Non-carbonated Soft DrinksThe remaining 26% of KOs total volume is composed of non-carbonated soft drinks, which include a variety of beverages such a fruit juices, wa ters, sports drinks, and teas. This non-CSD segment has been showing higher growth rates than the CSD category, resulting from higher demand for healthy alternatives to traditional CSD.Among KOs significant non-CSD beverages areDasani bottled waterGlaceau Vitamin WaterPOWERade sports drinksMinute Maid and Minute Maid To Go juicesNestea fusee drive Healthy InfuzionsOdwalla Juice drinksWithin the non-CSD category, bottled waters like Dasani and Spring by Dannon are showing the highest rates