The Link Between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Introduction In 2017, 90% of the 1,873 domestic violence programs in the United States contributed to a survey conducted by the National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV). In this particular survey, NNEDV collected data over a 24-hour period from the participating organizations on September 17th of that year, compiling together the number and types of calls they received. The study found that over 72,000 victims in the United States were served in a single day (NNEDV, 2017). Coupled with this information is the fact that in a study verified by the United States Humane Society, upwards of 71% of domestic violence victims stated that their abuser lashed out at pets as well (The Humane Society, 2017). Considering that animal cruelty and domestic violence are pressing issues that are often intertwined with one another, there are a few observable links that exist between the two. Some of these links include having the low activity variant of the MAOA gene, childhood trauma, heightened levels of testosterone, and exposure to societal pressures (I.e. toxic masculinity). In this paper, these links will be analyzed, and their likelihood as being potential indicators for physical violence and cruelty will be determined. Given the fact that so many cases of domestic violence and animal cruelty go unreported every year, this paper will also establish how these links may manifest in public spaces, and how potential signs of abuse/cruelty can be reported. Link #1: MAOA-L The MAOA gene, colloquially referred to as the Warrior gene, is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine is responsible for motor-function and releasing feel-good chemicals, while serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, and emotions. In individuals that have the low-activity variant of the MAOA gene (MAOA-L), heightened aggression and impulsiveness have been observed (Cohen, 2018). This is due to the fact that MAOA-L does not break down dopamine and serotonin as efficiently as it should. This inefficiency results in the neurotransmitters not being broken as quickly, resulting in irregularities in dopamine and serotonin levels that lead to the previously stated symptoms. That is not to say that everyone with the low-activity variant of the MAOA gene is prone to committing acts of violence, however. In a study published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), it is stated that approximately 40% of the worlds population has the MAOA-L variant of the gene (Hunter, 2010). Although possessing this variant of the gene does not necessarily indicate that one will commit an act of violence, the presence of MAOA-L increases ones likelihood to commit a violent act. Keeping this in mind, many have turned to using behavioral genetics in recent years to explain why a spouse may lash out against their partner, or commit an act of violence against an animal. In states such as Michigan, however, domestic violence and abuse are not recognized as a sufficient defense, so the application of this type of science in a courtroom setting is minimal at this point in time. Because MAOA-L results in irregularities in the production of serotonin and dopamine in ones body, this leads to blind aggression. If someone with MAOA-L is provoked, they will typically lash out on what provoked them in a verbal or physical manner. This implies that this particular link between domestic violence and animal abuse is not necessarily causal, as the associated gene is largely blind to particular instances due to the fact that aggression spurred by MAOA-L is mostly impulsive. Link #2: Childhood Trauma Another link between domestic violence and animal abuse can be observed through individuals that have suffered childhood trauma. Due to the fact that people often experience a tremendous amount of neurological development during their adolescence, particularly traumatic events may lead to inhibited growth of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions that control impulsiveness, rationale, and aggression (Prefrontal Cortex, 2015). For children that have experienced childhood trauma that also codes for the low activity variant of the MAOA gene, their likelihood to commit an act of domestic violence or abuse animals raises even more. If ones amygdala and prefrontal cortex are stunted/damaged, this has been shown to interfere with ones ability to make rational decisions and reign in their emotions. With an inadequate dispersal and production of dopamine and serotonin as a result of MAOA-L, this would intensify ones emotional instability. A study published by NCBI pointed to a lack of nurture on behalf of parents may also lead to developmental disorders down the line such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder (Petersen, 2014). Oppositional Defiant Disorder is the tendency to defy authority figures. This could include police, teachers, and parents. Conduct Disorder, on the other hand, is often categorized as a disorder wherein someone will not abide by conventional social norms, and instead express regressive behavioral patterns. What is peculiar about these two disorders is the fact that they are both diagnosed during adolescence, and presumably influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In analyzing CD and ODD, antisocial and disobedient tendencies have been observed at much higher rates in criminals that have committed physically violent acts such as murder, rape, and domestic abuse. (Febres, 2014) Perhaps the most prominent link between animal abuse and domestic violence as it pertains to childhood trauma has been through the act of committing animal abuse during ones adolescence. In studies with criminals that have been found to have caused unnecessary pain and/or death to animals while they were children, it was found that they were more likely to carry those acts of violence into adulthood. It was also found that many offenders would commit acts against people that were similar to acts they committed against animals. This points to the fact that animal abuse may in some ways condition offenders to commit violence against their spouse, or other individuals that may set them off (Febres, 2014). Link #3: Hormonal Aspects of Violence Testosterone is the sex hormone found in males that is responsible for developing secondary sex characteristics (body hair, muscle growth) and the male reproductive system (scrotum, prostate, testes, etc.). While development is testosterones primary function, there are some additional effects, particularly as it pertains to mood. Testosterone is an anabolic steroid. Like other identified anabolic steroids, testosterone leads to increased activity in the amygdala, which is responsible for emotionally driven responses and actions. Because there is increased activity in the amygdala, this redirects most neural communication away from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for rational decision making, leading to heightened levels of aggression and a shorter temper (Pinto, 2010). In a study researching the biological correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration, it was corroborated that testosterone does, in fact, lead to heightened levels of marital aggression, as well as an increased risk in committing intimate partner violence. While it has been found that testosterone does indeed result in heightened levels of aggression, it has also been found that it may be mediating as it pertains to the quality of ones marriage. Despite this conflicting finding, it has also been found that people are more likely to file for divorce as well (Pinto, 2010). Much like the previously established links, the correlation between animal abuse and domestic violence is aggregated through aggression and rage. In a study published by American Humane, it was stated that 71% of women seeking shelter from an abusive partner stated that their partner threatened to kill, harm, or maim their pets. As this study looking into domestic partnerships between men and women, a likely inference can be drawn that these abusive partners in fact had heightened levels of testosterone, given their overtly aggressive tendencies (Understanding the Link Between Animal Abuse and Family Violence, 2016) Link #4: Societal Aspects of Violence, and Toxic Masculinity So far, three links have been established between animal abuse and domestic violence that have largely been based on behavioral genetics. One additional link between these two acts can be drawn not through genetics, but environmental factors. The most prominent among these is the idea of toxic masculinity, and the cycle of socialization. The principal idea of the cycle of socialization is that from birth, one is socialized by their environment, and bombarded with messages that reinforce particular ideologies. This includes gender norms, religious beliefs, and specific behavioral patterns. This pattern of socialization in the most extreme of circumstances may lead to someones upbringing having a negative effect on their temperament and reactions to certain individuals. Toxic masculinity, referred to as hegemonic masculinity in the field of gender studies, is one trait that may be acquired through socialization. The core tenet of hegemonic masculinity is Manifestation of Links in Public Spaces. Conclusion At the root of all of the links between animal abuse and domestic violence that have been observed in this paper lies aggression, neurological anomalies, and errors associated with cell communication and/or signaling. All of these signs and symptoms, while not 100% indicative of the likelihood of one to commit an act of violence or animal cruelty, do in fact point to an increased likelihood of doing so. From the data compiled above, the most likely offenders are going to be males with high levels of testosterone that have the low activity variant of MAOA, who have also experienced stunted growth of their prefrontal cortex as a result of childhood trauma. At the end of the day, however, anyone is capable of committing acts of violence. It is for this reason why the behavioral genetics that points to the increased likelihood of committing acts of violence should be noted, but not used as definitive evidence to apprehend or besmirch someone. Since behavioral genetics is a relatively new field that is constantly experiencing brand new developments, the science behind why people commit acts of domestic violence and animal abuse is not entirely clear. While researchers have published papers on apparent links between the two, as well as reasons why people may commit overt acts of aggression during their adolescence and adulthood, all of the factors associated with it have not been properly identified. This can be observed through the fact that not all perpetrators of domestic violence and animal abuse are men with MAOA-L, heightened levels of testosterone, and victims of childhood trauma. This indicates one of two things: There is a common factor that has not yet been identified or each of the identified factors that boost the likelihood of committing a violent act are not necessarily intertwined. Because of the current ambiguity surrounding the topics of domestic violence and animal abuse and their linkage as it pertains to behavioral genetics and environmental factors, research of this topic is far from conclusive.

The Insider Secret on Essay Service Uncovered

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Process of International Business Individual Transactions

The process of international business transactions is made up of all the profitable transactions between two or more countries. Governments are changes from international business are led by private companies for profit necessarily exclusively. In addition, it also comprises of a large part of the growing of the business environments in the world. In additional, the company works internationally in order to involve in other business model of local businesses in their country. Besides, within a few decades, the international business grew very quickly, as in the growth of technology, liberalization of government policies on the cross - border movement of trade resources, official support and facilitates international trade. In addition, with the development of institutions to support, international business became more successful in their market. 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Solving The Conflict Resolution Active Listening And...

help them resolve their conflict. â€Å"Arbitration is a time-tested, cost-effective alternative to ligation. Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to one or more impartial persons for a final and binding decision, known as an ‘award’. Awards are made in writing and generally final and binding on the parties in the case† (American Arbitration Association). The Communication Process Communication is one of the key elements of the conflict resolution process. The most of the conflicting situations are due to a miscommunication. It is why a good communication must be at the center of the activities of the organizations. In conflict management, two important elements can help for the conflict resolution: Active Listening and good communication. Usually; in the conflict, each party would like to win because no one wants to admit its faults. It is easy to put their own problems on someone else. 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The Dutch Republic - 767 Words

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Throughout this essay I`ll be define and giving...

Throughout this essay I`ll be: define and giving background information on Allport`s Scale, interpreting how these types prejudices are present in the story A Rose for Charlie and my reaction to the story, I`ll also be writing about how this scale applies to my actions and other`s I`ve observed as well. First off, Allport`s Scale was created by psychologist Gordon Allport in the year 1954. This scale is a measurement of the manifestation of prejudice in a society. It consists of five stages of prejudice, they`re ranked by the increasing harm in which they produce. The five stages are Stage 1- Antilocution, Stage 2- Avoidance, Stage 3- Discrimination Stage 3B (later added)-Subtle aggression, Stage 4- Physical attacks, and Stage 5-†¦show more content†¦Recently, I`ve read a short story named A Rose for Charlie. This brief passage contains examples of all five kinds of prejudice on Allport`s Scale. First I`ll provide a brief summary of the story; then in the paragraph following the summary, I`ll present evidence from the brief text of the phases of prejudices. A Rose for Charlie is a petite sized story about a gay young man. Growing up in the late 1970s when he had reached high school, Charlie Howard was fair-haired and small-boned; the way he presented himself set him apart from most of the other boys in Portsmouth. The small New Hampshire town seemed like a living hell he couldn`t escape quite often. Nonetheless, Charlie had a tough exterior being he didn`t cry or run away most days. He underwent torturous treatment from a seemingly countless quantity of people. Between the characteristics I listed above, him having asthma, a learning disability, and being gay, there was almost no way he could`ve prevented being constantly harassed. Charlie was trapped in his own life. He saw living at home after high school as being a disaster, he didn`t get along well with his stepfather and didn`t think he would go far beyond what he`s capable of. (Which probably was n`t much considering his low grades the tolerance of gays back then) Leaving town seemed to be his only option, he eventually moved in with other men twice. He later discovered that in the second

How to Make English Become More Interesting free essay sample

English is the main language in world. It is the most often used language to communicate. You won’t be able to communicate with someone from America by using Indonesia language (as if you are Indonesian) or to communicate with someone in London ; the only language that usually spoken in communicating with everyone else from around the world is English. So, it is such an important thing to learn English. But the problem is it is a little bit hard to make English it self be interest for students to learn. They think it is bored and confusing. This time I would like to tell you about some ways that english teachers can do to make English become interest to students. Try to add some english songs and ask students to sing it together. Everyone love music, love to listening either singing a song. To make english more interesting, the first-best way is to ask students to sing an english song with you. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Make English Become More Interesting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You can tell them the lyrics so they would know some new english words and tell them how to spell all the words in the lyrics. Then ask them to sing the song. Besides they would enjoy the music, it will be also easier to make them understand how to speak english with a good pronounciation and they will be faster to memorize some english words in the lyrics. So it can increase their vocabulary. When students are getting bored but we still have lessons that hasn’t explained, don’t be worry. Students will not be last long paying attention to the teacher when the teacher is explaining the lesson, therefore we have to do something to take their attention back. They need something spontaneous. In the middle of our explanation, we can play games. This kind of way will attract their attention. We can adapt Hangman or Jeopardy. Another great idea is to have the students themselves create a game that fits the text you are studying. They probably having fun and enjoy the class. The third thing that we can do is to tell more jokes in class. .